Human reproducttive system

• Male reproductive system


  • Bladder
  • Vas deferens
  • Urethra
  • Penis
  • Glans of penis
  • Scrotum
  • Testis
  • Epididymis
  • Cowper's gland
  • Prostate gland
  • Seminal vesicle

  
• External male genitalia


  • Vas deferens
  • Epididymis
  • Testis
  • Scrotum

  
• Cut-away section of a testis

  • Seminiferous tubule
  • Epididymis
  • Vas deferens
  • Lobule
• Cross section of a seminiferous tubule

  • Immature spermatids
  • Germ cells undergoing meiosis
  • Interstitial cells secrete testosterone
• Sperm maturing in the epididymus

  
• Female reproductive system


  • Ovary
  • Fallopian tube
  • Uterus
  • Bladder
  • Vagina
  • Clitoris
  • Labia
  • Cervix
• Internal female reproductive organs (anterior view)

  • Fallopian tube
  • Fimbriae
  • Ovary
  • Uterus
  • Cervix
  • Vagina

  
• Section through an ovary

  • Mature follicle
  • Immature follicles
  • Medulla
• Difference between Meiosis and Mitosis
• Meiosis I


  1. Interphase

  2. Prophase I

  3. Metaphase I

  4. Anaphase I

  5. Telephase I
• Meiosis II


  1. Prophase II

  2. Metaphase II

  3. Anaphase II

  4. Telephase II
• Human gametes are produced through spermatogenesis and oogenesis, which are specific forms of meiosis but varying significantly in process and products
• Spermatogenesis and oogenesis differ in terms of number of functional gametes produced, size and structure of gametes produced, location, when (foetal development, puberty, fertilisation), frequency
• Both male and female reproductive systems are regulated by hormones including the regulation of the menstrual and ovarian cycles
• Hormonal regulation of female Menstrual and Ovarian cycle

  • FSH
  • LH
  • Oestrogen
  • Progesterone
• Role of hormones in male reproductive system

  • FSH
  • LH
  • Testosterone
• Male Hormones


  • Inhibin
  • Testosterone
  • Human Chorionic Gonadotropin hormone
• Female Hormones


  • Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
  • Luteinising Hormone
  • Follicle Stimulating Hormone
• Hormonal regulation of the ovarian cycle

  1. Hypothalamus

  2. FSH

  3. LH

  4. Oestrogen

  5. Progesterone

  6. Negative feedback
• Relative levels of oestrogen, progesterone, LH and FSH during the 28-day cycle

  • Follicular phase
  • Ovulatory phase
  • Luteal phase
• Relative levels of oestrogen and FSH during the 28-day cycle

  • Follicular phase
  • Ovulatory phase
  • Luteal phase
• Relative levels of Progesterone and LH during the 28-day cycle

  • Follicular phase
  • Ovulatory phase
  • Luteal phase
• A mature ovarian follicle

  • Nucleus
  • Fluid-filled space
  • Glandular thecal & granulosa cells
  • Zona pellucida
• Corpus luteum


  • Corpus luteum
  • Ovary
  • Ovulation
• During the cycle, oestrogen has two concentration peaks


  Oestrogen is produced by the developing follicle and the corpus luteum
• If a woman isn't pregnant, oestrogen levels decrease at the end of the cycle


  • HCG isn't being produced to maintain the corpus luteum. The corpus luteum degenerates into the corpus albicans, which doesn't produce oestrogen
  • Decrease in oestrogen brings about negative feedback causing pituitary gland to release FSH for next cycle to begin