Electric Motors

• The motor effect can be used to create a simple d.c. electric motor

  • The force on a current-carrying coil is used to make it rotate in a single direction
• The simple d.c. motor consists of a coil of wire (which is free to rotate) positioned in a uniform magnetic field
• In a simple d.c. motor, a coil placed in a magnetic field may experience a turning effect

  A) brushes

  B) coil

  C) split ring commutator

  
• As current flows through the coil in a d.c. motor, it produces a magnetic field which interacts with the external magnetic field
• Forces act in opposite directions on each side of the coil, causing a turning effect

  • The greater the turning effect on the coil, the faster it will turn
• The turning effect is increased by increasing:

  • The number of turns on the coil
  • The current in the coil
  • The strength of the magnetic field
• In a d.c. motor, when the coil of wire is horizontal, it forms a complete circuit with a cell

  • The coil is attached to a split ring (a circular tube of metal split in two)
  • This split ring is connected in a circuit with the cell via contact with conducting carbon brushes
• Forces acting in opposite directions on each side of the coil, causing it to rotate. The split ring connects the coil to the flow of current

  A) split ring

  B) coil

  C) carbon brush

  
• Current flowing through the coil produces a magnetic field

  • This magnetic field interacts with the uniform external field, so a force is exerted on the wire
• Forces act in opposite directions on each side of the coil, causing it to rotate:

  • On the blue side of the coil, current travels towards the cell so the force acts upwards (using Fleming's left-hand rule)
  • On the black side, current flows away from the cell so the force acts downwards
• Once the coil has rotated 90°, the split ring is no longer in contact with the brushes

  • No current flows through the coil so no forces act
• No force acts on the coil when vertical, as the split ring is not in contact with the brushes (1)

  • Even though no force acts, the momentum of the coil causes the coil to continue to rotate slightly
  • The split ring reconnects with the carbon brushes and current flows through the coil again
  • Now the blue side is on the right and the black side is on the left
• No force acts on the coil when vertical, as the split ring is not in contact with the brushes (2)

  • Current still flows toward the cell on the left and away from the cell on the right, even though the coil has flipped
  • The black side of the coil experiences an upward force on the left and the blue side experiences a downward force on the right
  • The coil continues to rotate in the same direction, forming a continuously spinning motor
• Vertical coil

  A) carbon brush

  B) coil

  C) split ring

  
• Even though the coil has flipped, current still flows anticlockwise and the forces still cause rotation in the same direction

  A) split ring

  B) coil

  C) carbon brush

  
• The direction of rotation of coil in the d.c. motor can be changed by:

  • Reversing the direction of the current supply
  • Reversing the direction of the magnetic field by reversing the poles of the magnet
• The force supplied by the motor can be increased by:

  • Increasing the current in the coil
  • Increasing the strength of the magnetic field
  • Adding more turns to the coil
• It is important to remember all the steps that cause the rotation of the coil in a d.c. motor. Use Fleming's Left Hand rule to convince yourself of the direction of the force on each side of the coil, these should be in opposite directions because the directions of the current through each side are opposite

  • Additionally, don't be confused if you see the phrase 'split-ring commutator'. This is another way of referring to the split ring in the circuit and they mean the same thing.