MALE URETHRA

• MALE URETHRA

  A) Prostatic

  B) Membranous

  C) Penile (Bulbous)

  D) Navicular Fosa

  
• Male Urethra

  ● 3 regions

  ○ prostatic

  ○ membranous

  ○ spongy

  ● Lamina propria

  ○ glands of littre
• ★ MEDICAL APPLICATION

  ○ A common problem involving the ureters is their obstruction by renal calculi (kidney stones) formed in the renal pelvis or calyces, usually from calcium salts (oxalate or phosphate) or uric acid. While urate stones are usually smooth and small, calcium stones can become large and irritate the mucosa. Most kidney stones are asymptomatic, but besides causing an obstruction that can lead to renal problems, movement of stones from the renal pelvis into the ureter can cause extreme pain on the affected side of the body.
• ★ MEDICAL APPLICATION

  ○ Problems caused by such stones can be corrected by either surgical removal of the stone or its disintegration using focused ultrasonic shock waves in a procedure called lithotripsy, although this treatment can cause significant renal damage.
• ★ MEDICAL APPLICATION

  ○ Pyelonephritis

  ■ inflammation of the renal pelvis and calyces

  ■ In acute pyelonephritis, bacteria often move from one or more minor calyx into the associated renal papilla, causing accumulation of neutrophils in the collecting ducts
• ★ MEDICAL APPLICATION

  ○ Cystitis

  ■ inflammation of the bladder mucosa

  ■ the most frequent problem involving this organ. Such inflammation is common during urinary tract infections, but it can also be caused by immunodeficiency, urinary catheterization, radiation, or chemotherapy.

  ■ Chronic cystitis can cause an unstable urothelium, with benign urothelial changes involving hyperplasia or metaplasia. Bladder cancer is usually some form of transitional cell carcinoma arising from unstable urothelium.
• ★ MEDICAL APPLICATION

  ○ Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

  ■ usually involving coliform bacteria or Chlamydia, often produce urethritis and in women often lead to cystitis because of the short urethra

  ■ Such infections are usually accompanied by a persistent or more frequent urge to urinate, and urethritis may produce pain or difficulty during urination (dysuria)