chapter 11 - basic components of organic chemistry

• a hydrocarbon is a compound containing only hydrogen and carbon
• a saturated hydrocarbon has single bonds only
• an unsaturated hydrocarbon contains carbon mutiple bonds
• a functional group is the part of the molecule responsible for the molecule's chemical properties
• aliphatic - carbon atoms are joined together in unbranched or branched chains (straight)
• alicyclic - carbon atoms are joined together in a ring structure
• aromatic - carbon atoms found in a benzene ring
• stems (number)

  1. meth
  2. eth
  3. prop
  4. but
  5. pent
  6. hex
  7. hept
  8. oct
  9. non
  10. dec
• alcohol naming

  prefix -hydroxy

  suffic -ol
• molecular formula shows the number and type of atoms of each element present in a molecule
• empirical formula is the simplest whole-number ratio of the atoms of each element present in a compound
• general formula is the simplest algebraic formula for any member of a homologous series
• displayed formula shows the relative positioning of all the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them
• structural formula uses the smallest amount of detail necessary to show the arrangement of atom in a molecule
• structural isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae
• homolytic fission - each of the bonded atoms takes one of the shared pair of electrons from the bond
• a radical is an atom with an unpaired electron in its outer shell
• heterolytic fission - one of the bonded atoms takes both of the electrons from the bond
• addition reaction - two reactants join together to form one product
• substitution reaction - an atom or group of atoms is replaced by a different atom or groups of atoms
• elimination reaction - the removal of a small molecule from a larger one