PDHPE

• Major bones involved in movement

  • 206 Bones in the body
  • 650 Muscles in the body
  • 200 joints in the body
• Role of the Skeletal System

  • Support the body and give it shape
  • Protection of the vital organs
  • Movement in conjunction with the muscles
  • Storage of minerals e.g. calcium
  • Formation of blood cells
• Types of Bones


  • Long Bones
  • Short Bones
  • Flat Bones
  • Irregular Bones
  • Sesamoid Bones
• Long Bones


  Long bones function to support the weight of the body and facilitate movement
• Short BonesShort bones are as long as they are wide. Located in the wrist and ankle joints, short bones provide stability and motorised movement.
• Short Bones


  • Tarsals
  • Carpals
• Flat Bones


  Thin and compressed to protect internal organs such as the brain, heart, and pelvic organs.

  • Cranium
  • Sternum
  • Ribs
• Irregular Bones

  Complex shape, which helps protect internal organs.

  • Vertebrae
  • Sacrum
• Sesamoid Bones


  Sesamoid bones are bones embedded in tendons. Sesamoid bones function to protect tendons from stress and wear.

  • Patella
• Anterior

  Towards the front of the body
• Anterior


  • Breast is on the anterior chest wall
  • Sternum
• Anatomical Term: Posterior


  Toward the back of the body
• Posterior


  • The backbone is posterior to the heart
  • Spine
• Anatomical Term: Superior


  Vertically closer to the top of the head
• Superior


  • The chest is superior to the hips
  • Cranium is superior to the pelvis
• Anatomical Term: Inferior


  Closer to the bottom of the feet
• Inferior


  • The foot is inferior to the leg
  • The pelvis is inferior to the cranium
• Anatomical Term: Medial


  Towards the midline of the body
• Medial


  • The big toe is on the medial side of the foot
• Anatomical Term: Lateral


  Towards the side of the body
• Lateral


  • The little toe is on the lateral side of the foot
• Anatomical Term: Proximal


  Closer to the limbs point of attachment
• Proximal


  • The shoulder is proximal to the elbow
• Anatomical Term: Distal


  Further away from the point of attachment, away from body's mass
• Distal


  • The elbow is distal to the shoulder
  • Phalanges are distal to the clavicle
• Types of Joints


  • Fibrous (Immoveable)
  • Cartilaginous (Slightly Moveable)
  • Synovial (Freely Moveable)
• Fibrous Joint


  A joint where no movement is possible. The bones are fused together.
• Fibrous Joints


  • Bones of cranium
  • Teeth
• Cartilaginous Joint


  A joint that permits limited movement. tough layer of cartilage
• Cartilaginous Joints


  • Vertebral column (Vertebrae)
• Synovial Joint


  A joint which allows maximum movement
• Joint Actions


  • Flexion
  • Extension
  • Abduction
  • Adduction
  • Inversion
  • Eversion
  • Rotation
  • Circumduction
  • Pronation
  • Supination
  • Dorsiflexion
  • Plantarflexion
• Flexion


  Decrease in the angle of the joint
• Flexion


  • Bending the elbow or knee
• Extension


  Increase in the angle of the joint
• Extension


  • Straightening the elbow or knee
• Abduction


  Movement of a body part away from the midline of the body
• Abduction


  • Lifting arm out to side (out phase of star jump)
• Adduction


  Movement of a body part back towards the midline of the body
• Adduction


  • Returning arm into body or towards midline of the body