PHILOSOPHERS

• Socrates


  • Lived in Athens 469 BC - 399 BC
  • Known for his contribution to the field of ethics
  • His thoughts and philosophies were put to text by his student, Plato
  • Became a social and moral critic of Athenian politics and society
  • Tried and found guilty of corrupting the minds of the youth
• Socratic Method


  1. A problem can be solved if broken down into a series of questions

  2. A series of questions are posed to determine a person or groups underlying beliefs and the extent of their knowledge

  3. In the search for truth, you eliminate the answers that cause contradictions

  4. The Socratic Method was designed to force individuals to examine their own beliefs and the validity of their beliefs
• Socratic Beliefs


  • "I only know that I know nothing"
  • Socrates believed that his wisdom was limited to an awareness of his own ignorance
  • Those who did wrong, did not know any better
  • Socrates believed the best way to live was for people to focus on self-development, not the pursuit of material wealth
  • Socrates thought people should focus on friendships to form communities
• Plato


  • 427-347 BC
  • Student of Socrates
  • Wrote many dialogues: discussions that share Socrates' philosophies
  • Plato explores the meaning of things like justice and love
  • Examines what constitutes a balanced life or a just state
• The Republic

  • Plato said that the soul consists of three elements: Appetitive - seeks satisfaction of the basic soul, Spirited - represented by qualities such as courage, Mind - intellectual side
  • A balanced mind keeps the three elements in their proper domain
• Plato said that the three parts of the soul

  Correspond to the three classes in society: Rulers, Soldiers, Common People
• A just state (like a just mind) will happen if each group stays within their domain
• Plato


  • Founded The Academy, a school for philosophers
  • Believed in reincarnation, that you came back to a new life after death in order to gain more knowledge
  • Knowledge is therefore, not learned, rather recollection of knowledge from your previous life
• Platonic Love


  Plato coined the term to describe a case where love/friendship is separated from physical fulfillment
• Aristotle


  • 384-322 BC
  • Joined Plato's Academy at 17
  • Quickly became a teacher, travelled and tutored Alexander the Great
  • Upon return to Athens, he opened a new school, the Lyceum, to rival the academy
• Aristotle( Mr. Know-it-all ) 


  • Taught and wrote about many topics including: physics, metaphysics, biology, logic, meteorology, astronomy, psychology, literary analysis, ethics and politics
  • His writings were mainly in the form of lecture notes that were published
• The Golden Mean

  • Aristotle believe that the greatest purpose people have is to live life well
  • Involves using the virtues we were intended to use, like reason, courage, honesty and moderation
  • Too little or too much of anything can be bad
  • Every good thing exists between two bad things
  • Moral goodness and enjoyment of life are the same thing
• There is no reason for a good person to deny himself anything as long as they do not go overboard
• What's bad will affect only you


  When you do wrong, you are hurting yourself here in the life you are living
• When you overindulge


  You affect your health
• If you abuse power


  You loose people's respect
• On Ethics


  • Everyone seeks happiness, but having life's necessities is insufficient
  • Wise people seek true happiness through moderation
• Aristotle believed that the soul died with the body