eh flashcards

• Is nationalism an ideology?

  mostly a thin ideology (appears most in combination with other ideologies)
• Jean Jacques Rousseau


  - popular sovereignty

  - ppl need good customs

  - add "national character"

  - education as instrument

  - preservation of cultural identity
• Johann Gottfried von Herder

  Germany: reaction against the cultural

  predominance of France

  all ppl have a unique identity

  all cultures have equal value

  -> cultural variety is important
• nationalism in USA (3)

  American Revolution

  Belief in moral superiority of Americans

  dev idea: American exceptionalism
• Brief independence of Belgium (end of 18th C)

  The Brabant Revolution (1789-1790)

  
  

  Against Emperor Joseph II

  
  

  Foundation of "United Belgian States"

  
  

  Aristocratic and clerical reaction, but also democratic aspirations

  
  

  Change of identity: people start to identify themselves as citizens of Belgium

  
  

  Politization of population
• What did the fr rev do for french nationalism?

  created a "one and indivisible" nation
• French nation according to Sièyes


  third estate - real nation

  against the privileged grps

  aristocracy: german descended foreigners

  "voluntary" nation (share values of nation -> included)
• international downsides to fr rev as a universal model for revolutionary wars

  France was seen as a presumed universal model but imposed its authority abroad -> military expansionism made fr rev impact problematic
• aftermath of fr rev - Napoleon

  Napoleon's conquests led to an anti-french backlash

  -> nationalist reactions (strong in germany)

  anti-french intellectual fervor

  Napoleon in a sense "created the geerman nation"
• Nationalism according to Tocqueville


  nationalism as an instrument for reaching social cohesion, for ex thru colonial conquests (Algeria)
• Nationalists before 1848 according to Kossuth

  members of elite

  usually liberals or democrats

  often social reformers

  often obliged to exile

  not much competition - europe of nations

  sometimes negative abt other nations/ppls
• romanticism


  artistic cultural movement

  (early 19th C)

  reaction against the rationalism of enlightenment
• what political movements did romanticism inspire?

  conservatives and radicals
• romanticism linked with nationalism


  more focus on emphasis of the uniqueness of a nation

  interest in preserving culture
• what do claims of national moral superiority and the need to preserve it entail ? (nationalism+romanticism)

  cultivation of masculine militarism and female "virtue" (the "chaste mothers of citizens")
• Ernst Moritz Arndt (1769-1860)


  german romantic nationalist

  
  

  journalist

  opponent of Napoleon

  liberal

  anti-polish

  anti-semitic
• Friedrich Jahn (1778-1852)


  german romantic nationalist

  
  

  organiser of patriotic "Turnbewegung"

  liberal, but also somewhat xenophobic
• Daniel O'Connell (1775-1849)


  Leader of Irish nationalist agitation

  
  

  Leads the movement for Catholic Emancipation (1829)

  
  

  Campaigned for Irish self-government (within the UnitedKingdom)

  
  

  Organiser of pacific mass protests

  
  

  Also supportive of rights of other nations, hostile againstanti-Semitism, strong opponent of slavery, in favour ofrights of indigenous peoples (Aborigines, Maori's)
• Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872)


  Most important 19th century Italian theoretician of nationalism

  
  

  And political agitator

  
  

  Organizes several conspiracies, and is one of the threeleaders of the revolutionary Roman Republic (1849)

  
  

  Essentialist vision of Italian nation

  
  

  Democratic vision on nationalism (inclusive of women's rights), but belief in unitary state

  
  

  Belief in liberty of all peoples ("a Europe of free peoples"
• Cristina Di Belgiojoso (1808-1871)


  Prominent Italian patriot

  
  

  Belonged to an important Milanese aristocratic family

  
  

  Patriot, journalist, writer, social activist, feminist

  
  

  Participated in revolutions of 1848-1849

  
  

  Organised hospitals in Rome during revolution (1849)
• Nationalist movements before 1848

  nationalist activism - elites

  nationalism only strong when linked to other issues (religion)
• Belgian Revolution


  1830

  
  

  revolt against Dutch

  popular participation

  alliance of libs and cathos

  inspired by 1830 fr rev

  also social rev
• Two most active nationalist movements throughout 19th century

  poland (vs russia)

  nationalism + culture revival

  catholic, sometimes anti semitic

  
  

  and ireland (vs british)

  catholic opposition to anglican church

  radical grp -> fenians

  cultural dimension
• nationalism after 1848


  more institutionalized

  deployed to confirm existing stuff

  conservative (... racist)
• unification nationalism - italy


  Italy: united in 1860-1861, under leadership ofPiemontese Kings (role of Cavour and Garibaldi)

  
  

  Like Germany, unification from above, also against demo-cratic aspirations

  
  

  In Italy: the need to "make Italians"

  
  

  Perception of weak identity: choice for centralism

  
  

  Issue of "who is Italian?"

  
  

  Irredentism: desire to expand Italy in territories presumed to be Italian
• unification nationalism - Germany

  Unified through a series of wars, under the leadership of Bismarck (1870-1871)

  
  

  Preserves existent states in a subordinate position

  
  

  Militaristic dimension strongly present from beginning

  
  

  German nationalism creates an expanstionist potential

  
  

  "reuniting all Germans within one state"

  
  

  Suspicious towards minorities (the Polish), and rise of anti-semitism
• state nationalism


  second half 19th C state bigger role to promote nationalism

  
  

  - mandatory education (peasants into french-men)

  
  

  - invention of tradition

  - marking public space, national histories, patriotic art
• Minority nationalism examples


  ireland

  flanders

  basque nationalism

  renaixença

  catalonia

  slav + baltic ppl
• two characteristics of minority nationalism and why it was important

  cultural and political movements

  
  

  increasing state nationalism and state intervention
• CONSTANCE GEORGINE MARKIEVICZ (1868-1927)

  Irish politician, revolutionary, nationalist, suffragette,socialist (born Gore-Booth)

  
  

  Born in England, in an enlightened Anglo-Irish family

  
  

  Went to live in Dublin in 1903

  
  

  Important artistic and political role (Sinn Fein)

  
  

  Participated in the 1916 Easter Rising

  
  

  First woman elected in parliament, and in Irish Dail

  
  

  Minister for Labour in Ireland (1919-1922)
• example of nationalism easily influenced

  Theory of race, Gobineau

  
  

  -> widespread sentiment of superiority

  ! anti-semitism
• Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1855-1927)


  British author, but became important ideologist of ex-treme German nationalism

  
  

  - Proclaims superiority of Aryan race (and of the Germansin particular)

  
  

  - Strongly anti-semitic: accuses Jews of all evils(conspiration theory)

  
  

  - Also approves of German genocide of Herero in present-day Namibia
• nationalism/racism in second half of 19th C

  - social darwinist ideology "survival of the fittest"

  - competition between nations necessary

  - also competition between races

  - background of WW1
• nationalism continued existence in the form of

  banal nationalism