democratisation social movements

• 4 big points of the lecture on nationalism

  - 19th C phenomenon

  - top-down process: "the invention of mass traditions"

  - not necessarily negative

  - laden with ambiguities
• David Collier 3 dimensions to democracy

  - maj of ppl can vote

  - autonomy of leg vis-a-vis exec

  - the establishment and protection of civil rights or political freedoms
• what are extension of suffrage rights often accompanied by

  restrictions of political freedoms and of the autonomy of the legislature

  
  

  -> more parliamentarism than democracy
• Govs traditionally imposed strong limitations on labour associations : 2 examples

  • France: Napoleonic Civil Code (1804): any association of over twenty people was put under the control of the regional prefect; as from 1834 even associations under twenty people were banned

  
  

  • Britain: The right of workers to negotiate wages was denied (1799); only allowed to collect funds and create unions as from 1825 onwards
• what kinds of associations would form the basis of growing class consciousness and labour mobilisation (2nd half 19th C)

  mutual aid associations (insurance associations, producer and retail co-operatives)
• recognition of unions in France

  1864
• in the second half of the 19th C, assemblies were elected yet the right to vote was limited to qualified men. Explain

  Educated, property owning men (tax paying men over 21)

  • Qualifications served to ensure that the poor masses would not use parliament to confiscate property from the rich

  • By 1900, only New-Zealand had universal suffrage, and 17 other countries had universal male suffrage
• why did the composition of parliament in 2nd half of 19th C reflect the "old powers"?


  parliamentaries were not a professional class (unpaid mps)
• who mainly campaigned for suffrage reform?

  why?

  middle-class reformers

  
  

  - competition with aristocracy

  - lawyers and doctors outraged by excesses of industrial capitalism
• UK : in 1803, top 2% owned x% of wealth

  in 1867, top 2% owned y% of wealth?


  1803 - 20%

  1867 - 40%
• modernisation paradigm


  from the 1860s onwards, democratisation has been strongly linked to industrialisation

  -> econ growth generates social change

  -> socio econ dev promotes the org of middle class
• extension of suffrage: 2 central hypotheses

  - revolutionary threat

  - political competition
• female suffrage: 2 crucial factors

  - sociological determinants (end of 19th C) - only when sig part of middle/upper class women worked outside household (before only poor forced to work outside) - "being worthy of vote"

  
  

  - gov coalitions and fear of losing vote share because of the "catholic women"
• universal suffrage: when?

  Austria, Poland, Ireland, Spain, Belgium

  Austria - 1918

  Poland - 1919

  Ireland - 1923

  Spain - 1931

  Belgium - 1948
• early extension of suffrage is oftentimes evidence of...

  parliamentary weaknesses
• backround behind the creation of the International Workingmen Association

  harsh repressions against 1848 revolutions

  1863: January uprisings in Poland; British and French workers begin to develop closer relations; creation of an international organisation to prevent import offoreign labourers to break a national strike
• explain the rift between Marx and mutualists and anarchists


  • Karl Marx' belief in a "dicatorship of the proletarians" was criticised as a formof "authoritarian socialism"

  
  

  • A rift between Marx and mutualists and anarchists

  
  

  • Contention over strategy: "direct economical struggle against capitalism"(anarchism and mutualism) versus "parliamentary activity" (Marxist thinking)
• Paris Commune


  1871

  
  

  French elites attempted to disarm Parisian republicans; Parisian workers seized power

  
  

  body elected by universal suffrage

  functionaries - skilled worker salary

  handed workshops/factories over to labourers

  
  

  greatly inspired/affirmed Marx
• How long did the Paris Commune last and why did it end?

  71 days

  lack of decision-making power, alliance french bourgeoisie and german army
• Russian Revolution


  1917

  vanguard party

  creation of soviets (workers' councils)
• Leninist model of socialism


  vanguard party

  seize state thru rev

  socialize the means of production

  
  

  withering away of the state -> classless society
• explain vanguard party


  elites mobilize the masses and shape consciousness
• Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865)


  utopian socialist "father of anarchism"

  launched newspaper

  member of parliament

  
  

  believed in socialist revolutions from below, instead of imposing a revolution from above
• why did Proudhon go against the republican slogan: "the social revolution is the end, the political revolution the means"?

  • Revolutionary parties lacked a scheme for equalising property ownership or political influence, to provide material equality or spiritual freedom for individuals

  
  

  • Revolutionary parties believed that, as the result of their intervention, the"general will" would form and produce social and political justice• As a result, their primary object of revolution = the constitution of a new government
• how did proudhon conceive revolutions from "above"

  restraint individual freedom and natural synergies between individuals

  
  

  prefers steaady democratiaeion
• what did proudhon want with politics and economics?


  to absorb politics into economics
• model of a co-operative bank - Proudhon


  - extends credit to borrowers free of charge

  - issues bank notes payable in products

  - functions as a centre of direct economic change
• "old social movements" ideology and goals, tactics, structure, participants

  labour rightts

  economic redistribution

  materialist goals

  
  

  institutional action

  
  

  centralised

  formal/bureaucratic

  herarchical

  
  

  class based
• "new social movements" ideology and goals, tactics, structure, participants


  identity and life-style concerns

  quality of democracy

  post materialist goals

  
  

  anti institutional action

  direct action

  
  

  decentralised

  informal

  non-hierarchical

  
  

  cross-class
• 18th C romanticism - ecologism

  mans right to nature
• 19th C and the promotion of non-materialist values


  identity politics (modern state/rihgts/nationalism

  feminism

  
  

  abolitionist movements/end slavery

  
  

  urbanisation - break up of trad family life: religious revival + double sexual standard
• 19th century suffragettes and unconventional forms of activism

  - Pankhurst & the Women's Socialand Political Union (WSPU, 1903)

  
  

  - Violent action; attacks onproperty; civil disobedience;hunger strikes
• after 1848 social revolutions and repressions, workers increasingly opted for what way to seek reform?

  parliamentary way