ethnicity

• out of school factor - material deprivation

  apporx 40% of black or black british pupils are living in povert, compared to 19% white british people, meaning that they face smith and nobles barriers to learning

  the percentage of indian and chinese pupils eligible for free school meals is below average, and that they are more likely to come from a middle class family, so they have the benefits of middle class gives in education - hirsch.
• cultural deprivation


  the swann report- many asian families have high aspirations for their children and see education as a route to upward social mobility.
• archer and francis


  parents of chineese pupils place an exceptionally high value on education
• strand


  Indian famillies have beneficial features such as high educational aspirations, undertaking high levels of homework, low levels of truanting, high resource provision at home, high parental monitoring of their childrens whereabouts.
• sewell


  black carribean children have a high level of lone parenthood, which may pose problems for such parents in supporting their childrens education, being brought up with just a mother can lead to some boys lacking a male figure and the dicsipline provided by a father figure
• Gillborn and Youdell


  racism still plays an important role in disadvantaging black students, wanless report: black pupils are more likely to be permantley excluded and routinely punished more harshly, are put in bottom sets due to behaviour rather than intelligence.
• Connolly


  some primary school teachers hold stereotypical views on some ethnic groups, whilst having more positive expectations with asian children but having negative views of black children.
• Sewell


  teachers often hold steryeotypes of all black children as anti school and anti authority and macho, even though only a minority fitted this stereotype. These factors may lead to self fulfilling phrophecy amongst such pupils.
• O donnell


  different ethnic subcultures have distinctive reactions to racism, prejudice and discrimination, which may have different effects on educational preformances. Carribean males reject the education system angrily, indians show their anger but do not reject the system, they suceed by using the education system as there advantage.
• Ethnocentrism


  schools may be organised in a ways that may not recognise and take into account the cultures and ethic minortys group. School uniform requirments may conflict with cultural ones, canteen menus may not provides halal food
• Coard


  this enthnocentrism contributes to the low esteem of some minority ethnic children, and it means the school curriculum may be more attractive and culturally acceptable to some ethnic groups than others, thus helping explaining patterns of underachievement in education between ethnic groups
• giilbron - institutional racism


  teachers intepret education policy in a way that disadvantages black pupils, e.g setting and schemes for gifted and talented pupils underrate the abilities of black pupils, regulating them to low ability groups, a restricted curriculum and entry for lower level exams
• Gillborn and Youdell


  the increased marketisation of schools has led to black pupils being judged, often unfairly, to belong to no hoper groups
• Ronson


  school governing bodies are unrepresenatative, meaning ethnic inequalities are often given a low priority, thus helping to explain patters of underachievement