Regional patterns appear to be significant as Labour Party has a strong support in london and also support from wales and in the north of england
Ethnicity is significant- minority ethnic vote labour due to the anti immigrant plan and also the concentration of ethnic minorities in urban industrial centres
ethnicity isn’t significant— asian voters have become wealthy meaning that they are bias toward the tories
Partisan dealignment- a trend where fewer voters are committed to a specific party
2019 election 45% of AB voters chose conservatives and 39% of DE voters chose labour