SS1D

• Globalization


  The onset of the borderless world
• Characteristics of the globalization trend

  • Internationalizing of production
  • New international division of labor
  • New migratory movements from South to North
  • New competitive environment that accelerates these processes
  • Internationalizing of the state, making states into agencies of the globalizing world
• Globalization


  A multidimensional set of social processes that create, multiply, stretch, and intensify worldwide social interdependencies and exchanges while at the same fostering in people a growing awareness of deepening connections between the local and the distant
• Globalization as a phenomenon gave rise to the interconnectedness of human society that replaced the sovereign state system with multilateral system of global governance
• Globalization (Ritzer's perspective)


  The spread of worldwide practices, relations, consciousness, and organization of social life
• The interconnectedness of social segments from macro institutions to the smallest sectors of the world have coincided the fabrics of globalization
• Globalization, as a theory lies in the works of many 19th and 20th century scholars and intellectuals like Karl Marx, MacKinder, and Robertson who began to introduce the term "globality"
• Globalization simply puts it as a social process of reshaping and remaking the world order
• The perspective of the person who defines globalization shapes its definition
• Forces and drivers of globalization

  • Economics
  • Politics
  • Culture
  • Environment
  • Individuals and Institutions
  • Technology
• Qualities and characteristics of globalization


  • Creation and Multiplication of social networks and cultural activities which break the traditional norms and practices in the political, economic, and cultural realms of most communities
  • Expansion and Stretching of social operations and connections which is seen in the financial markets and trading operations around the globe (Examples: World Trade Organization, ASEAN Economic Community, World Economic Forum and European Union)
  • Intensification and Acceleration of human activities which describes the process of world and individual connection works
  • Consciousness and Awareness. People, as the primary actors of globalization are the front liners as reflected in their experiences. The human consciousness is critical on how they impact the growing outcomes and markets of globalization

  
• Globalization is not the same as Westernization
• The concept of Westernization is deeply rooted in the Western World where often associated with the Western culture and values
• The political, economic, and technological prowess of United States and European countries are best described in the idea of Westernization
• Three Sociological Perspective Used in Explaining Globalization

  • Realism
  • Liberalism
  • Idealism
• Realism perspective on globalization

  • Focuses on the shifting distribution of power among states
  • Explains the core idea of dominating the world through the employment of power
  • Warns that countries may suffer, and struggle to maintain its power it will be overreached and used wrongly

  
• Realists' reasons for countries opening their economies to the world

  • Financial returns of expanding markets offer new economic opportunities to the capitalist (origin country) (Examples: McDonald's, Chevron, Ford, Coca-Cola, Citibank, Microsoft, and H&M)
  • The continued centrality of political power and military strength are obvious forces of interdependence and realistic behavior of the more and most powerful countries
• Liberalism perspective on globalization

  • Actors and institutions emphasize relationships, and negotiations
  • Observe the importance of interaction and communication and focus on solving problems and conflicts affecting them
  • Believe that to avoid international conflict, negotiations and dialogues are potential mechanisms in confronting issues among parties
• Three Factors that describe the Transformation of Political-Economic Structure and Development of Global Interconnectedness


  • Spread of Democracy and Institutions
  • Global Economic Ties
  • International Organizations

  
• Idealism perspective on globalization


  • Values and norms play pivotal roles in sustaining and reforming the process and works of individuals, group, and nations
  • Presents the changing norms and evolutions of individuals, groups, and states with the goal of influencing the dynamics and pattern of social structure
  • Emphasize appropriate policies and decisions during the state of conflict as it advances the moral aspects and ethical dynamics of actions
• Ideas


  Non-material entities of culture that embody one's perception of his social world or environment, and define how values, norms, and beliefs are used by governments and institutions in hold and exercising of power
• Three Important Technological Trends that made Significant Changes in the Interaction of Nations and People

  • Knowledge and technology are significant determinants of wealth and power
  • The fast pace of technological change
  • Dispersed knowledge and technology
• Innovation as a product of technological advancement have rendered national borders irrelevant in international system
• Institutions


  Consist norms, set of activities, and regulate structures that provide meaning and stability to the social behavior of a group
• The actions and behavior of the group members can change and alter the movement of community and its people
• Institutions will not be recognized as institutions if they do not shape the behavior of individuals
• Global governance


  Directed by two important institutions: political and economic institutions
• International institutions are classified intergovernmental organizations that are formed by national governments
• Phases of Globalization (Holton, Sholte, Lawson)

  • Phase 1
  • Phase 2
  • Phase 3
• Three Dimensions of Globalization (Giddens)


  • Global economic activity
  • Governments
  • Education
  • Technology
• The concept of First World, Second World, and Third World was a construct of the Cold War era
• There were number of interpretations on the origin of the Cold War
• The global economy is highly interdependent
• Three Economic Systems in the World

  • Market Economy
  • Command Economy
  • Mixed Economy
• Market Economy


  • Decision making of private individuals
  • Economy under the will and interest of the individuals
  • Economic freedom to purchase and sell products, services, and properties
  • Not planned by a single person or group that has the ability to manipulate or direct the economy solely
  • Promotes competition among business and firms
• Command Economy


  • A central economic planning body handles the entire decision making
  • The quality and quantity of goods and services produced is based on the decision of the government
  • Production quantity is dictated, consumer behavior is directed, and market operation is controlled by a single authority
  • Its objective is to mobilize resources for the common good of the public and for the interest of the nation
  • Private individuals have no say in the economic operation
• Mixed Economy


  • Market-driven economies
  • Combination of market and command economies
  • Some sectors are under the directions of the private individuals while other aspects of the economy are left within the guidance of the government
  • State can take over the ownership and operation of a private company for the purpose of maintaining the interest of the nation
• International Trade


  The process and the system when goods, commodities, services cross national economy, and boundaries in exchange for money or goods of another country
• Trade Theories


  • Descriptive Theory
  • Prescriptive Theory
• Descriptive Theory


  • Describes the pattern of trade under the idea of laissez faire, a French term which means "leave alone"
  • Refers to the notion that individuals are best economic agents to solve the problems through invisible hand rather than government policies