186 chap 6

• Process selection


  Deciding on the way production of goods or services will be organized
• Process strategy


  How an organization determines approaches in process selection
• Capital intensity


  • The mix of equipment and labor that will be used by the organization
• Process flexibility


  • The degree to which the system can be adjusted to changes in processing requirements due to such factors as changes in product or service design, changes in volume processed, and changes in technology
• Variety


  Having dedicated operations for each different product or service, or if not, having to get equipment ready every time there is the need to change the product being produced or the service being provided
• Basic process types


  • Job shop
  • Batch
  • Repetitive
  • Continuous
  • Project
• Job shop


  • Operates on a relatively small scale
  • Used when a low volume of high-variety goods or services will be needed
  • Processing is intermittent
  • Work includes small jobs, each with somewhat different processing requirements
  • High flexibility using general-purpose equipment and skilled workers are important characteristics
• Batch


  • Used when a moderate volume of goods or services is desired, and it can handle a moderate variety in products or services
  • The equipment is not needed to be as flexible as in a job shop, but processing is still intermittent
  • The skill level of workers doesn't need to be as high as in a job shop because there is less variety in the jobs being processed
• Repetitive


  • When higher volumes of more standardized goods or services are needed
  • The standardized output means only slight flexibility of equipment is needed
  • Skill of workers is generally low
• Continuous


  • When a very high volume of nondiscrete, highly standardized output is desired
  • Have almost no variety in output and, hence, no need for equipment flexibility
  • Workers' skill requirements can range from low to high, depending on the complexity of the system and the expertise that workers need
• Project


  A nonrepetitive set of activities directed toward a unique goal within a limited time frame
• Product or service profiling is linking key product or service requirements to process capabilities
• Sustainable production is the creation of goods and services using processes and systems that are: non-polluting; conserving of energy and natural resources; economically efficient; safe and healthful for workers, communities, and consumers; and socially and creatively rewarding for all working people
• Lean process design is guided by general principles, with one principle of particular interest being waste reduction, which relates to sustainability objectives
• Lean process design also focuses on variance reduction in workload over the entire process to achieve level production and thereby improve process flow, often translated into practice using cellular layouts
• Technological innovation


  The discovery and development of new or improved products, services, or processes for producing or providing them
• Technology


  The application of scientific discoveries to the development and improvement of products and services and operations processes
• High technology


  The most advanced and developed equipment and/or methods
• Process technology


  Includes methods, procedures, and equipment used to produce goods and provide services, extending to supply chain processes
• Information technology (IT)


  The science and use of computers and other electronic equipment to store, process, and send information
• RFID tags


  Items can be tracked during production and in inventory
• Automation


  Machinery that has sensing and control devices that enable it to operate automatically
• Types of automation


  • Fixed
  • Programmable
  • Flexible
• Fixed automation


  • The least flexible, uses high-cost, specialized equipment for a fixed sequence of operations, low cost and high volume are its primary advantages, minimal variety and the high cost of making major changes in either product or process are its primary limitations
• Programmable automation


  • Involves the use of high-cost, general-purpose equipment controlled by a computer program that provides both the sequence of operations and specific details about each operation, has the capability of economically producing a fairly wide variety of low-volume products in small batches
• Flexible automation


  • Evolved from programmable automation, uses equipment that is more customized than that of programmable automation
• Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)


  The use of computers in process control
• Numerically controlled (N/C) machines


  Machines that perform operations by following mathematical processing instructions
• Computer numerical control (CNC)


  A computer that reads instructions and drives a machine tool
• Flexible manufacturing system (FMS)


  A group of machines designed to handle intermittent processing requirements and produce a variety of similar products
• Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM)


  A system for linking a broad range of manufacturing activities through an integrating computer system
• Internet of Things (IoT)


  The extension of internet connectivity into devices such as cell phones, vehicles, audio and video devices, and much more
• 3D printing


  A type of industrial robot, also known as additive manufacturing, which involves processes that create three-dimensional objects by applying successive layers of materials to create the objects
• Subtractive manufacturing


  Material is removed by methods such as cutting, grinding, sanding, drilling, and milling
• Extrusion


  The deformation of either metal or plastic forced under pressure through a die to create a shape
• Sintering


  Using heat or pressure or both to form a solid material from powder without causing it to liquefy
• Drones


  Unmanned aircraft, usually small, and remotely controlled or programmed to fly to a specific location
• In practice, decision makers choose flexible systems for either of two reasons: Demand variety or uncertainty exists about demand
• Layout


  Refers to the physical arrangement of facilities, equipment, and personnel within a workplace
• Flexible systems


  Chosen for either demand variety or uncertainty about demand