c2 - organisation

• what is the role of the small intestine in digestion?

  it is the site of absorption, containing vili to increase the surface area
• how do you test for protein?

  biuret - blue to purple if present
• how do you test for glucose/sugar?

  Benedict's - blue to g/y/o/r if present. a water bath at 60 ℃ is required
• how do you test for starch?

  iodine - orange to blue/black if present
• the vein has a large lumen but thin walls
• the artery has a small lumen but thick walls containing elastic fibres
• when the blood Starts to flow backwards, the valves shut
• what is the purpose of plasma in the blood?


  it carries dissolved substances around the body
• in the blood, platelets clump together to form blood clots. this prevents pathogens from entering the wound
• what is coronary heart disease ?

  a build up of fatty deposits in the coronary artery, this restricts blood flow to the heart
• anything 'pulmonary' is related to the lungs
• what causes cancer?


  uncontrolled growth and division of cells
• enzymes speed up biological reactions without being used up
• enzymes are made up of protein molecules (amino acids)
• the liver stores bile, the gall bladder stores it
• the capillary has a wall that is one cell thick
• bile neutralises stomach acid - it is an alkaline liquid
• what do red blood cells do?

  they carry oxygen from the lungs
• red blood cells have no nucleus, so more space for oxygen. they also have a biconcave shape so a larger surface area
• what is the purpose of white blood cells?

  phagocytes - engulf pathogens. attacking anything that shouldn't be there

  lymphocytes - produce antibodies that lock onto pathogens and destroy them
• what is the function of the stomata?


  it lets substances such as carbo dioxide into the leaf
• the large intestine is where most water is absorbed from digestion
• translation is the movement of food substances in the phloem
• the permanent vacuole is a large space containing cell sap, it helps to keep cells rigid to support the plant
• arteries transport blood away from the heart, to the organs
• what is the equation for anaerobic respiration in plant and yeast cells?

  glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide
• the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary vein
• what is the test for lipids?

  sudan iii - red stain on surface if present
• transpiration is the movement of water in the xylem
• population size = (total area/area sampled) x no. of plants counted
• what is the function of the cell wall?

  it is made of chlorophyll and forms a rigid box around the cell to provide support/strengthen
• what is the equation for aerobic respiration?

  glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water
• what is the equation for photosynthesis ?

  carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen
• malignant tumours are cancerous, they spread to neighbouring healthy tissues and multiply