INTRGEN LECTURE 2

• In plasma membranes, the plasma membrane is coated by a cell coat or


  glycocalyx
• Unique features of a plant

  cell wall and vacuoles
• Prokaryotes do not have a nuclear membrane
• A compartmentalized cell


  Eukaryotic cell
• Extranuclear cellular organelles


  Endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondira, chloroplast (in plants), lysosomes, golgi apparatus, vacuole
• Function is for respiration where they generate ATP (ATP) from substrates in the presence of oxygen

  Mitochondria
• Mitochondria is a double membrane organelle

  True or False


  True
• Mitochondria has semiautonomous genetic material
• Muscle and liver cells contain more copies of mtDNA per mitochondrion than blood and skin cells do.
• Cells that need more energy will have more mitochondria
• Cells with lesser activity will have fewer mitochondria
• Why is defective mitochondria bad for the human body?

  Mitochondria is used in all organs for source of energy. Major organs will be affected if there is a presence of defective mitochondria.
• A connection of flattened sacs, tubules, and vesicles that stretches throughout the cytoplasm.

  Endoplasmic reticulum
• Functions of ER


  Synthesis, Folding, Modification, Transport
• Support and is responsible for the movement in cell division

  Cytoskeleton
• Where is mtDNA inherited?

  Mother
• In plants, genetic material is found in the nucleus, chloroplast, and mitochondria
• ATP stores energy in the form of chemical bonds; released whenever it is needed for various cell functions
• If microtubules are defective, it can produce human genetic disease and errors
• Aneuploidy is a condition characterized by an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell. Normally, human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes. Aneuploidy occurs when there is an extra or missing chromosome(s) in a cell, resulting in a total chromosome count that is not a multiple of 23.
• There is an extra copy of one chromosome, resulting in a total of 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46


  Trisomy
• One chromosome is missing, resulting in a total of 45 chromosomes instead of 46. Turner syndrome, for instance, is caused by monosomy of the X chromosome in females, where one X chromosome is missing.


  Monosomy
• In the mitochondria, the outer membrane is smooth and the inner membrane is folded
• The intermembrane space in the mitochondria is the site of oxidative phosphorylation
• Contains enzymes responsible for citric acid cycle reaction

  Matrix
• The mitochondrial genome has 16,500 DNA bases pairs, 37 genes, 13 proteins, 22 tRNAs, 2 RNAs
• The mitochondrion is essential for oxidative phosphorylation 
• Traits encoded by the mitochondrial genome exhibit matrilineal inheritance patterns
• Transporting, modifying and packaging of proteins 

  Golgi Apparatus
• Sorting, labeling and packaging molecules for secretion via exocytosis or for use within the cell

  Golgi apparatus
• side of Golgi facing the ER; receiving end of vesicles from ER 

  Cis face
• facing the cell membrane; side where vesicles leaves GA

  trans face
• addition of carbohydrates (sugar) to proteins and transporting lipids within the cell

  glycosylation
• Glycosylation occurs in the golgi apparatus
• Golgi apparatus is located near or adjacent to ER exit sites
• Centrosomes are the main microtubule-organizing sites for animal cells. 
• Parts of a centrosome

  Pericentriolar material (PCM), microtubules, centrioles
• Centrioles are made up of 2 (pair) cylindrical structures made up of 9 groups of microtubules
• Centrioles are absent in plants, viruses and fungi
• Suicide bags of the cell

  Lysosome