History exam

• Neolithic


  Period from -10,000 to -3500
• Antiquity


  Period from -3500 to 476
• Middle Ages


  Period from 476 to 1492
• Permanent settlements appeared, agriculture started

  Circa-10,000
• End of prehistory, cuneiform writing

  Circa-3500 or-3300
• Fall of the Western Roman Empire

  476
• Athenian society


  Citizens participated in political life under the new political regime of democracy
• Feudal society


  Vassals took an oath of loyalty to a suzerain
• Neolithic societies


  The population of early settlements increased thanks to the production of agricultural surpluses
• Roman Empire


  One of the first civilizations in history, it was organized into city-states
• Mesopotamian society


  The capital was the centre of power and governed the territories it conquered
• Society of medieval cities

  They held trade fairs to exchange products between the East and West
• Barter


  Activity that allows goods and services to circulate in a society
• Civilization


  A complex society with many people, cities, a writing system, a system of trade, and shared beliefs
• Culture


  Characteristics of a society that include values, language, customs, way of life, etc.
• Institution


  Structure established to organize the operations of a political system, an economy, etc.
• Power


  Authority or influence enjoyed by important individuals or institutions in society
• Social Hierarchy


  Classification of groups of people who make up a society, ranging from the most to the least powerful
• State


  The group of institutions that, together, forms the framework of a society and its government
• Territory


  A defined geographical area that a society occupies or uses
• Urbanization


  Increasing concentration of the population in cities
• The region where humans first formed sedentary societies is the Fertile Crescent
• The change in subsistence activities of humans between the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods was the adoption of crop and livestock farming
• The social effect of the production of agricultural surpluses in the Neolithic period was an increase in the world's population
• Territorial organization of Neolithic societies

  • Permanent
  • Defined/better than before
• Civilizations represented in the map

  • Civilization of the Nile Valley
  • Mesopotamian civilization
  • Chinese civilization
• The advantages of living near rivers during Antiquity were that the fertile soil in these places created many settlements that became cities and grew
• Civilization of the Nile Valley and Mesopotamian civilization

  Similarity regarding communication: Both used writing to communicate
• Greek geography


  Mountainous, rugged terrain made travel difficult. Its rocky soil was not well suited for crops.

  Their new territories were already inhabited by other peoples, which spread Greek language and culture.

  The Greeks founded colonies around the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, divided into city-states.
• Public spaces in Athens


  • Agora
  • Acropolis
  • Pnyx
• Conditions of citizenship in Athens

  • Male, free

  At least 18 years old, descended from citizens
• Political influence of Rome over its empire


  • Led by emperors, political institutions, Roman law, participation for citizens
• Cultural influence of Rome over its empire

  • Latin, clothing, leisure activities, polytheistic religion, enriched by the cultures of other peoples
• Privileges of Roman citizenship


  • Own property
  • Marry a citizen and create a will
• Causes of the fall of the Western Roman Empire

  • Hard to pay taxes
  • Lack of money to pay army
• Social groups in the Middle Ages

  • King
  • Nobility
  • Clergy
  • Grand Seigneurs
  • Higher clergy
  • Lesser Seigneurs
  • Lower clergy
  • Populace
• Pilgrimages


  Had to do with religion
• Crusades


  Had to do with religion
• Fortified castles were built in the Middle Ages to protect inhabitants if threatened by war
• In the Paleolithic period, people were nomadic and known as nomads. They moved around a lot according to the season, the growth cycle of plants and fruit trees, and the movement of animal herds.