Geography paper 3

• Greenfield site advantages

  • No demolition
  • not restricted in space or design
  • Healthier environment
  • close to countryside, leisure and recreation
  • relatively cheap and rate of housebuilding is faster
• Greenfield site disadvantages

  • Negative impact on wildlife and habitats lost
  • Requires new infrastructure
  • Valuable farmland lost
  • Recreational space and attractive scenery lost
  • Lacks access to public transport
  • Causes noise and light pollution in the surrounding countryside
  • Cost of installing water, electricity, sewage services
• Greenfield site


  An area of land that has not previously been built on
• Brownfield sites


  An area of land that has already been built on
• Brownfield sites advantages

  • Positive impact on nature
  • doesn't require new infrastructure
  • Helps regenerate old and disused urban areas
  • Located near main areas of employment
  • Brings economic and social benefits to old urban areas
• Brownfield sites disadvantages

  • Demolition
  • Higher levels of pollution
  • Surrouned by deprived areas- may not appeal to wealthy people
  • More expensive
• Urban Sprawl


  The uncontrolled growth of towns and cities into rural areas
• Housing supply in the UK

  Overall increase from 2008-19= economic crisis in 2008 led to a decline

  The National Housing Federation (NHF) estimates demand for 340,000 per year homes built on greenfield sites

  Government plans to build 300,000 houses but currently 170,000 were built= only half of expected amount- 145,000 of these to be affordable housing
• Housing shortage in the UK

  • UK population is unevenly distributed
  • Highest population denisties in the southeast
  • Number of households expected to rise from 23mil (2018)-26mil(2040)=the proportion of single-person households grown
  • Shortage of housing in London and southeast
• Unsuitable housing in the UK

  • 1 in 7 people hit by housing crisis= affects voters and families, quality of life and standard of living
  • 12% of the population living in unaofirdable or unsuitable housing= lack basic facilities like heating, water, bedrooms and energy
  • leads to problems varying across the country= north/south divide
• House prices in the UK

  • London and the south east have the least affordable housing= 16x the avarge household income
  • 2024- Office for National Statistics(ONS) survey reported than approximately 35% of people paying mortgage/rent were struggling to afford their bills
  • North/South divide= economic opportunities in the South, migration from North to South
• New affordable housing

  • The National Housing Federation(NHF) estimates 145,000 affordable homes need to be built per year= current supply in 2020 is 58,000
  • Overall decrease= 2016- lowest supply of afforabale housing at 32,000, 2020- Increase in affordable housing to 58,000
• 1.3 mil homes built on brownfield sites

  • Land isn't being used= developers prefer greenfield sites- proctecting rural areas more important for biodiversity
  • Problem= new homes built on cCarrington Moss= area important for biodiversity, flooding and food
• Problems with urban sprawl

  • Countryside being converted into buildings and infrastructure= expensive
  • 4000 hectares of countryside built on per year= destroys farmland impacting food production
  • Not enough brownfield sites to satisfy demand for affordable housing= environmental impact
• Brownfield site development

  • Economic= jobs, taxes, businesses and money
  • Social= Improved quality of life, sense of community, safety and housing
  • Access to food, water, education, electricity and happiness
• Tudeley Village development

  • 'garden settlement'= focuses on providing large green areas and parks
  • on the B2017 road= minor road
  • near an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty(AONB)= provides tourists and job opportunities
  • Planned as a 'self-contained' settlement= self-sufficient and sustainable
• The High weald- An Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB)

  • Over 3,700 species of plants and animals
  • Woddland covers 28% dating back to Medieval times
  • Sites with high biodiversity= over 13,000 ponds and 50 Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI)
  • Sustainable management= more challenging by increasing population and number of visitors
• Self-contained settlement

  • Schools= nursery, primary and secondary
  • Leisure= socialable facilities
  • Range of affordable housing= families, flats and bungalows
• Key points- Tudeley Village

  • Sustainability is the main aspect= sustainable transport like Freiburg
• Tudeley Village sustainability features

  Environmental:

  • Interconnected footpaths and cycle routes= reduces car use
  • Electric vehicle charging points= regular supply of energy
  • Solar farm= renewable energy- reducing carbon footprint
  • New railway station= encourage use
• Tudeley Village sustainability features

  Social:

  • Community facilities- quality of life
  • Range of housing sizes and affordable housing= mixed social needs
• Tudeley Village sustainability features

  Economic:

  • Commercial and community buildings= job opportunities
  • Village centre= encourages a thriving economy
• Tudeley Village- stakeholders

  • National Housing Federation (NHF)
  • Kent County Council
  • Home buyers
  • Property developers and businesses
  • Camapign for the Protection of Rural England
  • Local campaign groups like 'Save Capel'
• National Housing Federation (NHF)

  • support the development
  • NHF encourages all government parties to develop a long-term housing plan
  • they argue that the development will provide some affordable housing and to help solve the housing crisis
• Kent County Council

  • house building target is 12,000 homes per year
  • Tudeley Village development would help them meet this target
  • only 150 houses would be built per year in the 6 years
• Home buyers

  • will be in favour of new affordable housing
• Property developers

  • prefer to build on greenfield sites as they don't have to worry about cleanup costs and existing infrastructure
• Business owners

  • welcome the plans as new development increases customers and boost the local economy
  • pressure on local services=concerns that new shops will take customers away from existing businesses making them less sustainable
  • B2017 already experiences congestion= creates additional traffic which will upset local residents
• Campaign to Protect Rural England (CPRE)

  • The CPRE oppose the development
  • they argue that the development should be on brownfield sites which could provide 1.3mil homes
• Local campaign group, parish council and residents

  • Object the development
  • existing infrastructure won't cope and new infrastructure won't be built for 30 years
  • too expensive for local people= houses will not be affordable- not appealing to young people
  • Loss of protected species
  • Flood risk= leads to climate change
  • Railway station won't be built until 1900 houses are built= not a 'commuter settlement' to London
• Aguments for Tudeley Village

  • Will provide an additional 2,800 houses in the southeast of England= helps reduce the housing crisis
  • Affordable housing in an area where houses are above the national average= helps reduce number of people in unaffordable or unsuitable housing
  • New services and shops will be built= increasing access for the local population
  • Increase in community facilities like a including a health centre, schools and sports facilities= improves people's health and wellbeing
  • New businesses and services will increase local employment opportunites
• Future for Tudeley Village Development

  • In November 2023 the Tunbridge Wells Borough Council(TWBC) withdrew the plans for Tudeley Village
  • This was due to the report of a planning inspector who told the council thy had not demonstrated 'exceptional circumstances' that enables the release of green belt land
• Highcliffe beach location

  Good:

  • has been used for geography fieldwork before
  • number of sea defences suggesting coastal processes are ongoing
  • suitable distance to get there and back in a day
  • suitable parking at the top of the cliff for easy access

  Bad:

  can get crowded with other members of the public

  sites crowded due to many students

  couldn't access the last site as it was dangerous under a cliff
• Highcliffe beach data collection

  Good:

  • primary data collection
  • collected data using a clinometer, ranging pole and clip board for the gradient
  • sampling was systematic- every 5 meters
  • pebble analysis= used a ruler

  Bad:

  • different people are different sizes which may affect the gradient
  • data may not have been recorded properly
  • Human error= pebbles not chosen randomly
  • Sampling technique could've changed
• Highcliffe beach Data presentation

  Good:

  • Beach profiles were good= allowed us to compare the different sites to see if there were any changes
  • radar grpah was good because it made the roundness of the pebbles easy to see
  • the field sketch allowed us to record and present the information so that it has context

  Bad:

  • Sometimes we didn't have all the data needed to complete the profile properly
• Highcliffe beach methods


  Good:

  • the scale of the enquiry was just right to see the coastal processes in action
  • the beach profile and sediment analysis would allow me to answer the hypothesis and aim of the investigation
  • the methods would give me reliable and accurate data
  • the data gave me the capacity to collect sufficient information to draw reasoned conclusions
• Highcliffe beach methods


  bad:

  • could've used different sampling techniques like stratified sampling to get better results
  • gone at different times of the day= get a greater range of data
  • gone of different times of the year= see if it gave us different results
• Highcliffe beach results

  Good:

  • the results showed that longshore drif was happening along the beach from west to east= same direction as the prevailing winds
  • the height of the beach on the east side of the groynes was lower than on the west side of the groynes
  • the sediment size and roundness decreased as we went from the west end to the east end of the beach
  • all the evidence helped our aim of showing evidence of coastal processes along Highcliffe beach
• Highcliffe beach results


  Bad:

  • anomalies
  • this was beacuse there was a big dip made my children digging up the beach not caused by natural processes
• Highcliffe beach conclusions


  Good:

  • the fieldwork allowed me to answer the enquiry aim = we got all the data needed at different sites
  • data clearly showed that there was longshore drift from west to east along the beach
  • the beach profile was different on the east side of the groynes compared to the west
  • sediment size and angle changed from west to east= rounder, smaller and smoother