genbio2 reviewer (andami mo kaiyk)

• Carolus (Carl) Linnaeus


  Swedish botanist who established the method of animal kingdom classification in the 1700s
• Linnaeus System


  Defines a taxonomic hierarchy and binomial nomenclature, which gives each animal species a two-word scientific name
• Binomial nomenclature


  Method of giving scientific names to animals by combining the genus and species, traditionally rooted in Latin
• Rules for writing scientific names

  1. First letter of genus name is capitalized, species name begins with small letter

  2. If printed, both names are italicized

  3. If handwritten, both names are underlined

  4. Genus name may be abbreviated to first letter in succeeding citation
• Nomenclature codes


  • ICN - International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants
  • ICZN - International Code of Zoological Nomenclature - Animals
  • ICNB - International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria - Bacteria
  • ICNCP - International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants
  • ICTV - International Code on Taxonomy of Viruses
• Ernest Haeckel


  Proposed the third kingdom, named PROTISTA, to accommodate the problematic group of Protozoa, Algae, and Bacteria
• Herbert Copeland


  In 1938 proposed FOUR KINGDOM SCHEME of biological classification, naming Monera the fourth kingdom to include bacteria and blue-green algae now cyanobacteria
• Robert Whittaker


  Separates non-photosynthetic fungi in kingdom Plantae and proposed the FIVE KINGDOM SCHEME which include the KINGDOM FUNGI
• Carl Woose


  Divided the kingdom Monera into two separate kingdoms, Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
• SIX KINGDOM


  • Archaebacteria
  • Eubacteria
  • Protista
  • Fungi
  • Plantae
  • Animalia
• DOMAIN OF LIFE


  • Archaea
  • Bacteria
  • Eukarya
• Kingdom Monera


  Prokaryotic, unicellular and microscopic organisms, essentially bacteria and blue green algae (cyanobacteria)
• TWO KINGDOMS OF BACTERIA

  • Archaebacteria
  • Eubacteria
• Archaebacteria


  • Ancient bacteria, prokaryotes, unicellular, mostly extremophiles, some are autotrophs, some are heterotrophs
• Eubacteria


  • "True" bacteria which include all bacteria that affect man and animals, prokaryotes, unicellular,
  • cells have peptidoglycan,
  • survive anywhere,
  • heterotrophs, autotrophs, chemoautotrophs,
  • gram-positive have thick peptidoglycan layer,
  • gram-negative have thin peptidoglycan layer covered by multiple thin membrane layers
• Bacterial growth requirements - temperature

  • Psychrophilic organisms (psychrophiles) - prefer cold temperatures of about 0°C to 20°C
  • Mesophilic organisms (mesophiles) - prefer temperature at 20°C to 40°C
  • Thermophilic organisms (thermophiles) - prefer temperature higher than 40°C
• Bacterial growth requirements - oxygen

  • Aerobes - growing in presence of oxygen
  • Facultative anaerobes - grow better in presence of O2 but can also grow in absence of O2
  • Obligatory aerobes - can grow only in presence of oxygen, but cannot grow in its absence
  • Obligatory anaerobes - grow only in absence of O2
  • Micro aerophilic - grow best in presence of low oxygen tension
• Lactic Acid Bacteria


  Have been used to ferment or culture foods for at least 4000 years
• Wastewater Bacteria


  Feed on everything from solid human waste matter, converting organic matter to carbon dioxide and releasing electrons, the basic element of electrical current
• Kingdom Plantae


  • Eukaryotic, multicellular, carry out photosynthesis, autotrophs, cells have cell walls containing cellulose, cells are specialized for different functions
• Kingdom Protista


  • Mostly aquatic, most are heterotrophic some autotrophic, three phyla based on type of nutrition: Protozoa (animal-like protists that ingest or absorb food), Algae (plant-like protists that get nutrition from photosynthesis), Slime molds and water molds (fungus-like protists that are heterotrophs)
• Kingdom Fungi


  • Eukaryotic, heterotrophic, mostly multicellular, possess cell walls usually made of chitin, are spore formers, obtain food by absorbing nutrients from organic materials, can be decomposers or parasites
• Modes of nutrition in fungi

  • Saprophytic - obtain nutrition by feeding on dead organic substances
  • Parasitic - obtain nutrition by living on other living organisms and absorbing nutrients from their host
  • Symbiotic - have an interdependent relationship association with other species where both are mutually benefited
• Four types of fungi

  • Zygomycotes
  • Ascomycotes
  • Basidiomycotes
  • Deutromycotes
• Kingdom Animalia


  • Multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic, animal cells have no cell walls, most can move from place to place, some are permanently attached to surfaces
• Examples of animals


  • Fish
  • Birds
  • Reptiles
  • Amphibians
  • Mammals including humans
  • Sponges
  • Jellyfish
  • Worms
  • Sea stars
  • Insects
• Asymmetry


  Lack of equality or equivalence between parts or aspects of something
• Radial symmetry


  Symmetrical arrangement of parts of an organism around a single main axis, so that the organism can be divided into similar halves by any plane that contains the main axis
• Bilateral symmetry


  When the body plan can be divided along a plane that splits the animals' body into right and left sides that are mirror images of each other
• Reproduction


  The process of producing offspring that are biologically or genetically similar to the parent organism
• Types of reproduction


  • Asexual reproduction
  • Sexual reproduction
• Asexual reproduction


  A type of reproduction in which only a single organism gives rise to a new individual, without the fusion of gametes, so the offspring are genetically identical to the parent
• Forms of asexual reproduction

  • Binary fission - an organism divides into two, each carrying one copy of genetic material
  • Budding - a new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud due to cell division at one site
  • Fragmentation - a parent organism breaks into fragments, each capable of growing
• Reproduction means to "reproduce"
• Types of reproduction


  • Asexual Reproduction
  • Sexual Reproduction
• Asexual reproduction


  The type of reproduction in which only a single organism gives rise to a new individual, does not involve the fusion of gametes, and the offspring produced are genetically identical to the parent
• Binary fission


  1. An organism divides into two, each part carrying one copy of genetic material

  2. Types: regular

  3. longitudinal

  4. transverse
• Budding


  A new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud due to cell division at one particular site, the new organism remains attached as it grows, separating from the parent organism only when it is mature
• Fragmentation


  A form of asexual reproduction wherein a parent organism breaks into fragments, each capable of growing independently into a new organism
• Regeneration


  Occurs when an organism only regrows a lost limb or any part of the body