Dynamic development

• Development


  An improvement in living standards through better use of resources
• Types of development


  • Economic
  • Social
  • Environmental
• Economic development


  Progress in economic growth through levels of industrialisation and use of technology
• Social development


  An improvement in people's standard of living, e.g. clean water and electricity
• Environmental development


  Advances in the management and protection of the environment
• Economic indicators


  • Employment type
  • Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita
  • Gross National Income (GNI) per capita
• Social indicators


  • Infant mortality
  • Literacy rate
  • Life expectancy
• Mixed indicator


  Human Development Index (HDI) - a number that uses life expectancy, education level and income per person
• Levels of development


  • LIDCs (Poorest countries)
  • EDCs (Emerging Developing Countries)
  • ACs (Advanced Countries)
• Development is globally uneven with most ACs located in Europe, North America and Oceania. Most EDCs are in Asia and South America, whilst most LIDCs are in Africa. Development can also vary within countries too.
• Physical factors affecting development

  • Natural Resources
  • Natural Hazards
  • Climate
  • Location/Terrain
• Human factors affecting development

  • Politics
  • Trade
  • Education
  • Health
  • Aid
  • History
• Stages of economic development (Rostow's model)

  • Traditional society
  • Preconditions for take-off
  • Take-off
  • Drive to maturity
  • Mass Consumption
• Rostow's model predicts how a country's level of economic development changes over time and how people's standard of living improves.
• Consequences of Uneven Development


  • Wealth
  • Health
  • Education
• Barriers to ending Poverty

  • Debt
  • Trade
  • Political unrest
• Ways to reduce poverty and increase development

  • Top Down
  • Bottom Up
  • Short term
  • Long term
  • Trade
  • Debt Relief
• Positives and Negatives of Aid

  • Positives
  • Negatives
• Zambia is a LIDC in central southern Africa with a population of 14.5 million. Its GNI per capita is $3070 compared to a world average of $10,858, indicating a low level of development.
• Influences upon Zambia's development

  • Political
  • Social
  • Physical
  • Economic
• Zambia is at the start of stage 3 (Take-off) in Rostow's model of economic development, with improvements in education, healthcare, tourism, hydroelectric power and transport infrastructure.
• Zambia has made progress on some Millennium Development Goals but still faces challenges with extreme poverty, child mortality, maternal health, and environmental sustainability.
• Strategies to develop Zambia

  • Investment from TNCs
  • Aid and Debt Relief
  • Bottom-up
  • Top-down