Organisms: Breathing and Digestion

• List the 7 components of a balanced diet and state why each is needed?

  1. Carbohydrates for energy
  2. Proteins for muscle and bone growth
  3. Nutrients and minerals for everything
  4. Fats for energy
  5. Sugars for energy
  6. Fibre for regulating blood sugar levels, bowel function and bowel health
  7. Water for maintaining hydration
• What is meant by a balanced diet?


  This means eating a wide variety of foods in the right proportions, and consuming the right amount of food and drink to achieve and maintain a healthy body weight.
• Which deficiency disease is caused by a lack of vitamin C?

  Scurvy is a disease caused by a serious vitamin C deficiency. Not eating enough fruits and vegetables is the main cause of the disease. Left untreated, scurvy can lead to bleeding gums, loosened teeth and bleeding under your skin.
• Which deficiency disease is caused by a lack of protein?


  Kwashiorkor is a type of malnutrition characterized by severe protein deficiency. It causes fluid retention and a swollen, distended abdomen.
• Which deficiency disease is caused by a lack of iron?

  
  

  Iron deficiency anaemia occurs when the body doesn't have enough iron, leading to the decreased production of red blood cells.
• Draw a flow diagram to show the organs that food travels through in sequence in the digestive tract, starting with the mouth?


  1. Mouth for breaking up food
  2. Oesophagus for moving food to the stomach
  3. Stomach for storing and dissolving food
  4. Small intestine for absorbing nutrients
  5. Large intestine for absorbing water
  6. Rectum for storing the left overs
  7. Anus for releasing them
• How is the mouth adapted for its role in digestion?


  The lips contain sensory receptors that help assess food texture and temperature. The lips and cheeks help keep food in place inside the mouth. Muscles attached to the jaws allow them to move up and down to chew. The jaws contain teeth people use to cut, tear, crush, and grind food.
• How is the stomach adapted for it's role in digestion?


  1. It has a mucus linings to protect it from the acid
  2. It has hydrochloric acid
• How is the small intestine adapted for its role in absorption?


  The lining of the small intestinal mucosa is very highly specialized for maximizing digestion and absorption of nutrients. The lining is highly folded to form microscopic finger-like projections called villi which increase the surface area to help with absorption.
• Name 3 enzymes that are produced by the pancreas?

  
  

  • Lipase. This enzyme works together with bile, which your liver produces, to break down fat in your diet. ...
  • Protease. This enzyme breaks down proteins in your diet. ...
  • Amylase. This enzyme helps break down starches into sugar, which your body can use for energy.
• Which organ produces bile?


  Bile is a fluid that is made and released by the liver and stored in the gallbladder.
• Which enzyme breaks down proteins and what are they broken down into?


  pepsin is the principal enzyme involved in protein digestion. It breaks down proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids that can be easily absorbed in the small intestine.
• Which enzyme breaks down lipids and what are they broken down into?


  Lipids are hydrolysed by lipases. Lipases break down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol.
• Which enzyme break down carbohydrate and what are the broken down into?


  Carbohydrates are hydrolysed bycarbohydrase enzymes. Carbohydrase's are a class of enzymes that break down carbohydrates into simple sugars
• Distinguish between pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria?

  
  

  Pathogenic bacteria is a biological agent that causes disease to the host.

  Non- pathogenic bacteria inhabit the gut environment.
• What is the role of bacteria in the gut?


  Bacteria in your gut help break down certain complex carbohydrates and dietary fibres that you can't break down on your own
• Write a word equation for photosynthesis?

  Carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen
• How do plants obtain the reactants needed for photosynthesis?


  They get carbon dioxide from gas exchange in the leaves, and water from the soil around the roots
• Where does the energy for photosynthesis come from?

  ...
• What is the site of photosynthesis?

  chloroplasts
• Why are enzymes described as biological catalysts?


  Enzymes are called biological catalysts because they speed up biochemical reactions in living organisms without being used up or permanently altered in the process.
• Name 2 factors that can affect enzyme activity?

  Temperature, Ph
• Distinguish between breathing and respiration?


  ...
• Produce a flow diagram to show the sequence of structures that air passes through in the respiratory tract, starting with the nose and mouth?


  Nostrils→pharynx→larynx→trachea→alveoli
• What is the role of cartilage in the respiratory tract?


  To keep the trachea open even when you bend over
• What happens to the rib cage and muscles during inhalation?


  When you inhale, or breathe in, the muscles between your ribs contract and pull your rib cage outward and upward, which helps to enlarge your chest cavity.
• What happens to the lung volume during inhalation?


  ...
• What happens to the lung volume and lung pressure during inhalation?

  Inhalation increases the size of the thoracic cavity/lung volume and decreases the pressure inside
• List 3 adaptations of the alveoli for efficient exchange?

  High surface area,

  Thin walls,

  Blood vessels run right beside them.
• Define diffusion?


  Diffusion isthe spontaneous movement of gases between the alveoli and the capillaries in the lungs.
• Which gases are exchanges in the lungs?

  ...
• What is vital lung capacity?


  ...
• Which piece of equipment can be used to measure vital lung capacity?


  A spirometer
• List 2 factors that may negatively affect lung volume?


  Lung infections,

  smoking
• How can lung volume be increased?


  Stopping smoking,

  breathing excercises