can arisespontaneously during DNAreplication (interphase)
mutagenic agent
a factor that increasesrate of mutation
eg ultraviolet (UV) light or alphaparticles
how a gene mutation can lead to the production of a non-functional
protein or enzyme (general)
changessequence of basetriplets in DNA so changessequence of codons on mRNA
so changessequence of aminoacids in the encodedpolypeptide
so changesposition of hydrogen / ionic / disulphidebonds (between aminoacids)
so changestertiarystructure (shape) of protein
enzymes - activesitechangesshape so substratecan’tbind
so enzyme-substratecomplexcan’tform
substitution
a base / nucleotide is replaced by a differentbase / nucleotide in DNA
addition
1 or morebases / nucleotides are added to the DNAbasesequence
deletion
1 or morebases / nucleotides are lost from the DNAbasesequence
duplication
a sequence of DNAbases / nucleotides is repeated / copied
inversion
a sequence of bases / nucleotidesdetaches from the DNAsequence then rejoins at the sameposition in the reverseorder
translocation
a sequence of DNAbases / nucleotidesdetaches and is inserted at a differentlocationwithin the same or a differentchromosome
explain why not all gene mutations affect the order of amino acids
somesubstitutions change only1tripletcode / codon which could stillcode for the sameaminoacid
as the geneticcode is degenerate (an aminoacid can be coded for by morethanonetriplet)
someoccur in introns which donotcode for aminoacids
explain why a change in amino acid sequence is not always harmful
may notchangetertiarystructure of protein (if position of ionic / disulphide / Hbondsdon’tchange)
may positivelychange the properties of the protein, giving the organism a selectiveadvantage
explain what is meant by a frameshift
a frameshiftoccurs when genemutations (eg. addition, deletion, duplication or translocation) change the number of nucleotides / bases by any numbernotdivisible by 3
this shifts the way the geneticcode is read, so all the DNAtriplets / mRNAcodonsdownstream from the mutationchange
the sequence of aminoacidsencodedchangesaccordingly and the effects on the encodedpolypeptide are significant
frame shift extra information
if a multiple of 3bases is added / removed there won’t be a frameshift, but extra / lesstriplets will result in extra / lessaminoacids in the encodedpolypeptide
a frameshift could also lead to production of a stopcodon (that doesn’tcode for aminoacids so terminatestranslation) resulting in a shorterpolypeptide