2.3

• • Lithosphere: solid outer part of Earth
• converge - plates come together,

  • trenches are formed
  • The thinner oceanic plate is pushed down below the thicker continental plate
• converge - plates come together

  • Mid-ocean ridges form where molten rock pushes up from the interior of Earth
  • two plates push up against each other
• transform - plates slide past one another

  • creates faults and earthquakes
• seamounts - underwater volcanoes that do not come all the way out to the ocean’s surface
• volcanic islands - Formed by volcanoes that grow all the way up to the ocean’s surface
• continental shelf - Shallow areas around the edges of continents
• mountains - two continental plates converge
• • Glaciers: large moving body of ice
• • Continental Glaciers: Cover vast areas of land (ice caps)
• • Valley Glaciers: form high up in the mountains and as they accumulate more snow & ice, they begin to move down through the high valleys between the mountain peaks
• glacier growth

  • If it stays cold, the glacier will continue to build up and move forward/advance (get larger)
  • If it warms up, melting occurs leading to the glacier melting back/retreating (get smaller)
• moraines - A build up of rocks and gravel that form along sides & at the end of a glacier
• esker - Long, winding ridge of sand & gravel that forms when parts of the glaciers melt
• drumlins - Small hills with distinctive teardrop shape; form when a glacier moves over moraines that had formed earlier
• kettle lakes - Formed when large chunks of ice, left behind by a glacier, melt away
• striations - scratches on rocks from glaciers moving over them
• erratic - A rock/boulder transported by a glacier