4th lesson

• Prokaryotic cell


  Cell that lacks nucleus and other membrane-bounded organelles
• Eukaryotic cell


  Cell containing nucleus and other membrane-bounded organelles
• Cell


  Made up of organelles
• Organelles


  Little organs
• Common components of all cells

  • Cell Membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Deoxyribonucleic Acid
  • Ribosomes
• Capsule, Pili, Nucleoid, Flagella

  Only present in prokaryotes
• Plasma membrane


  Controls the entry of organic molecules inside and outside the cell
• Cell Membrane


  Phospholipid bilayer membrane
• Osmosis


  Movement of water in cell
• Hypotonic


  I don't remember the meaning
• Cytoplasm


  Fluid substance containing the cellular organelles (eukaryotic cell)
• Cytosol


  Liquid component of the cytoplasm that surrounds intracellular organelles
• Deoxyribonucleic acid


  Storage of genetic material
• Ribosomes


  Made up of rRNA, responsible for protein synthesis
• Free ribosomes


  Synthesize proteins in the cytoplasm
• Membrane-associated ribosomes


  Synthesize membrane proteins
• DNA to mRNA - transcription, mRNA to amino acid - translation, Amino acid - protein
• 5' to 3' - leading strand, 3' to 5' - lagging strand
• Eukaryotic Cells


  Third domain of life (Domain Eukarya), have membrane-bound organelles
• Eukaryotic Cells


  • Chromatins have chromosomes, Chromosome only visible during cell division, Endomembrane system: nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, and lysosomes, Energy-related organelles: mitochondria and chloroplasts, Cytoskeleton - protein fibers
• Nucleus


  Double-membraned eukaryotic organelle containing the genetic material (DNA)
• Nucleolus


  Nuclear organelle used to synthesize ribosomal RNA, primary component of ribosomes
• Nucleoplasm


  Matrix (thick fluid substance) present inside the nucleus
• Nuclear envelope


  Also known as nuclear membrane, separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm
• Nuclear pore


  Channel that regulates the transport of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm
• Endomembrane System


  Group of membranes in eukaryotic cells that modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins
• Components of Endomembrane System

  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Lysosomes
  • Vesicles
  • Plasma membrane
  • Nuclear envelope
• Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)


  Located after nucleus, connected to nuclear below nucleus, to produce proteins
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum


  Single membrane-bound organelle studded with ribosomes, cellular structure used for protein synthesis, surrounds nucleus
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum


  Single-membrane bound organelle with no ribosomes, synthesizes carbohydrates and lipids (fatty acids and cholesterol)
• Golgi body


  Responsible for modifying, packaging, and transporting proteins and lipids
• Golgi body


  • Piles of flattened tubular membrane, Distribute lipids, Produce vesicles
• Vesicles


  Carrier of lipids/ proteins, produced by ER and Golgi
• Cisternae


  Flattened tubular membrane
• Cis side


  Receiving side
• Trans face


  Opposite side
• Camillo Golgi - discovered Golgi body
• Glycoproteins


  Protein + Glucose
• Glycolipids


  Lipids + Glucose
• Lysosome


  Single membrane-bound organelle that breaks down excess or worn-out cell parts, used to destroy invading viruses and bacteria