Bio Final - Based

• Artificial Selection/Selective Breeding


  1. human intervention in animal or plant reproduction or survival to allow any individuals with desired traits to produce

  2.when humans breed plants and animals for particular genetic characteristics.
• Acquired Characteristics


  a characteristic of an organism that results from increased use or disuse of an organ or the effects of the environment and cannot be inherited
• Homologous Structures


  an organ, system, or body part that shares a common ancestry in multiple organisms.

  
• Vestigial Structures


  Structures that have no apparent function and appear to be residual parts from a past ancestor

  
• Convergent Evolution:

  
  

  when two unrelated species develop similar traits because they live in similar environments.

  
• Divergent Evolution


  when individuals in one species, or closely related species, acquire enough variations in their traits that it leads to two distinct new species.

  
• Extinction


  the complete disappearance of a species from Earth

  from changes in the environment, deforestation, human activity

  
• Fitness 


  an organism's ability to pass its genetic material to its offspring.
• Embryology


  the study of development of an embryo from the stage of ovum fertilization through to the fetal stage.

  
• Diversity's role in natural selection

  For natural selection to occur, a population must have a wide variety of individuals with different traits.
• Evolution


  the change in the characteristics of a species over several generations and relies on the process of natural selection.
• Adaptation/adaptive advantages


  any heritable trait that helps an organism, such as a plant or animal, survive and reproduce in its environment.
• Common Ancestor


  the most recent individual from which all the organisms of the set are descended from
• Sex cells/Gametes


  a reproductive cell of an animal or plant.
• Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria


  bacteria that are not controlled or killed by antibiotics.
• Antibiotic Usage


  Used to treat bacterial infections and prevent the growth of new bacteria.
• Mutations in Bacteria populations

  N/A
• Environmental changes


  a change or disturbance of the environment most often caused by human influences and natural ecological processes.
• Galapagos Island Finches


  Darwin suggested that different finch species evolved from a single species that came to the islands from the mainland, many different finch species evolved in response to differing environmental conditions
• Variation


  no two offspring are identical - mutations lead to new traits
• Benefits of Variation


  Organisms can be developed to survive in adverse conditions, are more resistant to diseases, and create diversity.
• Coevolution


  things that evolved together - ex. Birds and flowers

  
• Binomial Nomenclature


  uses the genus and species name of the organism

  
• Levels of Classification- KPCOFGS


  Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

  
• Abiotic factors


  Non-living factors like water, wind, and sunlight
• Biotic factors


  Living factors such as animals and plants
• Consumers


  Animals that eat other organisms
• Scavengers


  Organisms that feed on dead and decaying animals

  
• Predator


  Organism higher in the food chain that preys on other animals
• Carnivore


  Organism that exclusively consumes meat
• Herbivore


  Organism that exclusively consumes plants
• Decomposer


  Organism that breaks down dead organic matter
• Limiting factor


  Anything constraining a population's size and growth, like disease or competition
• Density-dependent factors


  Based on the size of the population

  Factors like disease, competition, and predation that vary based on population density

  
• Density independent factors


  Factors like natural disasters - volcanoes, droughts, fire

  not based on the size of the population

  
• Ecological relationships/Symbiosis


  Includes Predator/Prey, Parasite/Host, Mutualism, and Commensalism

  
• Food web


  Complex network showing energy flow in an ecosystem

  
• Food chain


  Linear sequence showing energy transfer in an ecosystem

  
• Energy pyramid model


  Illustrates energy flow through trophic levels in an ecosystem

  
• Primary consumers


  First trophic level animals consuming plants