AEROBIC

• STEPS OF AEROBIC

  • glycolysis
  • link cycle
  • krebbs
  • oxidative phosphorylation
• What are the two steps in glycolysis?

  • phosphorylation
  • oxidation
• GLYCOLYSIS

  • Glucose phosphorylated by atp creating 1x GP and 1xADP
  • Another phosphate added to form hexose biphosphate which then splits into 2x TP
  • H removed from TP to form 2x pyruvate
  • NAD forms NADH & 4ATP produced
• where does glycolysis take place?

  cytoplasm
• Krebs Cycle takes place in mitochondria matrix
• Link Reaction takes place in mitochondrial matrix
• OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION takes place in inner membrane of mitochondria
• where is electron transport chain found?

  cristae of mitrochondria
•  Without oxygen, less ATP is produced by respiration. Explain why.

  • oxygen is final electron acceptor
  • without it oxidative phosphorylation can't occur which produces most of the ATP in aerobic respiration
  • This means only glycolysis can occur , producing 2x ATP
•   When glucose is respired what happens to the energy which is not incorporated into ATP?

  released as heat
•   Mitochondria in muscle cells have more cristae than mitochondria in skin cells. Explain the advantage of mitochondria in muscle cells having more cristae.

  larger sa for electron transport chain

  generate more atp for muscles
• In the link reaction pyruvate is converted to a substance with molecules effectively containing only two carbon atoms. Describe what happens in this process.

   carbon dioxide formed reduced NAD formedacetyl coenzyme A produced
• Describe the roles of the coenzymes and carrier proteins in the synthesis of ATP.

   NAD / FAD reduced electrons transferred from carrier to carrier energy made available as electrons passed on;energy used to synthesise ATP from ADP and phosphate
• OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

  • NADH and FADH release H ions and electrons
  • electrons passed onto electron carriers and travel down electron transport chain losing energy
  • energy used by carriers to pump H+ ions to inner membrane to create a proton gradient
  • H ions then flow back into matrix via ATP synthase, forming ATP
  • O2 combines with H ions to form water at end of chain
• oxidative phosphorylation makes most of ATP
• LINK REACTION

  • C atom removed from pyruvate, forming acetate and co2
  • NAD is reduced
  • acetate combines with co enzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A
• KREBBS

  • acetyl co enzyme A combines with oxoacetate forming citrate
  • C and H removed from citrate turning it into a 5C compound and releasing CO2 and NADH
  • decarboxylation and dehydrogenation then occur producing 1xFADH and 2xNADH
  • Small amount ATP produced
  • This turns 5C Compound back into oxoacetate