Political Landscape in the 19th Century Philippines

• Liberalism is a political philosophy focused on freedom and equality.
• Liberalism: The French Revolution (1789-1799) spread democratic ideas like Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity, transforming Europe and beyond.
• The revolution led to changes in Spain's government and reduced the church's influence.
• Liberal ideas reached the Philippines through trade and the opening of the Suez Canal.
• When Queen Isabella II was ousted in 1868, reforms in the Philippines were implemented by Governor General Carlos Maria De la Torre, promoting freedom of speech and press and encouraging local priests to advocate for church reforms.
• The Bourbon Reforms were changes made by Spanish kings to strengthen royal power and reduce the church's influence.
• The Bourbon Reforms: Suppression of the Jesuits in 1767 and efforts to limit the church's power.
• While the reforms had limited direct impact, they showed that colonial rule could be maintained without heavy church involvement, influencing Filipino thoughts on governance.
• In 1812, a liberal constitution was created in Cadiz, Spain, with representation from Spanish colonies, including the Philippines.
• Cadiz Constitution introduced national sovereignty, male suffrage, freedom of the press, and land reforms.
• Although the constitution was short-lived, it was significant for Filipinos, granting them rights such as exemption from taxes and equal public service opportunities.
• Awareness of Rights: These principles raised awareness among Filipinos about their rights and the possibility of self-governance.
• Representation in Spanish Cortes: The constitution granted all Spanish colonies representation in the Spanish Cortes. This inclusion allowed Filipinos to have a voice in the Spanish government, albeit indirectly.
• Exemption from Taxes: One notable provision was the exemption of Filipinos from certain taxes and tributes. This move alleviated some financial burdens on the Filipino population, fostering goodwill towards the Spanish government.
• Equality Clause: The constitution emphasized principles of equality, sovereignty of the people, and the right to suffrage. These ideals inspired Filipino aspirations for equality and self-determination.
• Inspiration for Independence: Despite its short-lived existence, the Cadiz Constitution served as a beacon of hope for Filipinos seeking greater autonomy and independence from Spanish colonial rule. It provided a blueprint for governance based on democratic principles, which influenced future independence movements.
• Repressive Response: However, the declaration of the Cadiz Constitution was met with opposition from Spanish authorities, particularly from King Fernando VII, who declared it invalid and restored absolutism. This repression fueled discontent among Filipinos and strengthened their resolve to pursue independence.