cybernetics and biodiversity

• Positive feedback


  Can amplify positive changes, leading to rapid growth, development, or learning
• Positive feedback


  Can either be beneficial or detrimental
• Detrimental positive feedback


  Is when it is uncontrolled
• Negative feedback loops


  Help maintain balance and prevent runaway changes which is essential for stability
• Negative feedback


  Can slow down or prevent positive change
• Resistance


  Depends on the type of disturbance
• Resistance


  • Those that have covid vaccine have a higher ability to resist while those that have not received vaccine have lower resistance
• Resistance


  The measure of how much a disturbance can affect the flows of matter and energy in an ecosystem
• Resistance


  If it keeps its structure and continues normal functions while disturbances occur
• Resilience


  An ecosystem's ability to return to its original state
• Resilience


  Ability to "bounce back"
• Resilience


  If following a disturbance, the environment can return to normal conditions
• Biodiversity


  Describes the enormous variety of life on Earth, Including plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi
• Causes of extinction

  • habitat destruction
  • climate change
  • pollution
  • overexploitation
• Unique traits


  Make them distinct from other species
• Different species


  Can't reproduce with each other
• The same species


  Can reproduce with each other
• Species


  The ability to interbreed and produce fertile offspring, and organisms of different species have evolved to have reproductive barriers that prevent successful breeding or produce non-viable offspring
• Genetic diversity


  All living things on Earth contain a unique code within them, called DNA. DNA is organized into genes. Genes give our bodies instructions on how to function.
• Genetic diversity


  The exact DNA code is different even between individuals within the same species
• Genetic diversity


  Small differences in DNA might change blue eyes to green, or a butterfly's wings from black to white
• Genetic diversity


  The combined differences in the DNA of all individuals in a species make up the genetic diversity of that species
• How is Genetic Diversity Generated?

  1. Changes to an individual's DNA are called mutations

  2. Mutations can arise when mistakes are made while cells are copying DNA

  3. Mutations make up a species genetic diversity

  4. Individuals that have helpful mutations might have greater chances of survival, and have more babies as a result
• Adaptability & Survival


  The variety of characteristics in species with high genetic diversity means they are more likely to successfully cope with changes in their environment
• The Whittakers


  • America's most inbred family
• Species diversity


  Is the number of different species in a particular area and their relative abundance
• Species richness


  The number of species living in a habitat or other unit, is one component of biodiversity
• Species evenness


  A component of species diversity based on relative abundance (the number individuals in a species relative to the total number of individuals in all species within a system)
• Ecosystem diversity


  Includes the variation in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
• Ecosystem diversity


  • Variation in ecosystems, such as deserts, forests, grasslands, wetlands and oceans
• Ecosystem diversity


  The largest scale of biodiversity, and within each ecosystem, there is a great deal of both species and genetic diversity
• Ecosystem services


  All the biological communities and species present work with one another in harmony to form a healthy ecosystem
• Adaptation


  The process of a species changing in order to better survive its environment
• Alleles


  Different variation of a gene caused by mutations. Many species have two alleles for every gene, one copy from each parent
• Alleles


  • The mixing of alleles allows for new combination of mutation and characteristics
• Adaptability & Survival


  The variety of characteristics in species with high genetic diversity means they are more likely to successfully cope with changes in their environment
• THE WHITTAKERS - America's most inbred family