Post-industrial britain

• Lower and upper class characteristics were the same. However a middle class emerged who had some money, were professionals, worked as factory owners/managers, lot's of free time, literacy skills and attended public schools.
• Disadvantages of the industrial revolution on working class were wages and therefore disposable income was still low, poor hygiene lead to illness, long grueling 72+ hour shifts still and urbanisation reduced space and facilities.
• Advantages of the industrial revolution on the working class were half day Saturdays were introduced, middle class factory owners set up teams, increased travel and emergence of middle class increasing wealth. All these factors increased participation.
• Amateurs were people who competed in sport but didn't recieve monetary reward for it. It suited the middle and upper classes who had money and participated leisurely.
• Professionals who competed in sport earning an income from participation. This suited the lower class who lacked money and participated competitively to win.
• Rugby league was created so that lower class people in the North could work as professionals getting payed to play rugby and could therefore take time off work. Rugby union played in the south and were upper and middle class amateur's who could afford to take time off work.
• The status of women changed in the later 19th century. Women had more rights to education and could become teachers. Women were encouraged to take part in sport and PE to improve health. Women participated in lawn tennis, badminton and gymnastics (non-strenuous and violent sport).
• The education act in 1870 provided compulsory schooling for children aged 5-13. It built on the public school provision and changed the status that only upper/middle class went to school. Compulsory PE lessons also were a part of this.
• There was a better sense of law and order in the streets. Society and sport became more sophisticated. The introduction of the police force resulted in mob games being replaced by nationalised sport.
• The RSPCA were formed resulting in most animal cruelty sports becoming illegal e.g dog and cock fighting. However the upper and middle class who wrote the laws didn't ban fox hunting for themselves.
• Peoples perception of education and literacy slowly began to change. It developed skills sets for employment and helped spread sport. However many working class had little interest in education as wanted to work and therefore child labour was still common.
• Middle and upper class still had significant money for sport, specialist equipment and facilities. The lower class continued to struggle with low wages limiting participation however towards the end of the 19th century they had a small disposable income.
• Transport greatly improved including, walking, horse and carriage, boat, bicycle, train and cars for the rich. This led to the standardisation of rules, national/international fixtures, increased participation and allowed horse racing to become much more frequent due ot railways.
• Public schools were for the middle/upper class where parents payed a significant fee for their boys to attend. They were transformed by Thomas Arnold (head of rugby school) who filled boys free time with structure and sport improving behaviour and education.
• Public schools promoted and organised sport by creating specialist facilities, professional coaching, character development, inter-school/house competitions, compulsory sport and codification of rules through NGB'S.
• Public schools promoted ethics through regular sport involving high moral principles such as sportsmanship, fair play and respect. He helped develop muscular christianity which was a high moral standard for fairplay and respect in sport.
• The cult of athleticism was the development of character through sport. It was a combination of physical endeavour and moral integrity. E.g truthfulness, respect, teamwork, courage and sportsmanship.
• The cult of athleticism impacted sport by encouraging physical endavour, structure rules, develop NGB's, develop competitions/leagues, promoted fair play and sportsmanship, spread of games through ex-public school boys, time devoted to sport and creation of specialist facilities.
• The old boys were former sixth form students at public schools who planned and organised sporting activities and ran sport teams and house competitions.