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• Global stratification


  Hierarchical arrangement of countries based on their resources, status and power
• Global inequality


  Unequal distribution of resources, status and power
• Theories explaining global stratification

  • Modernization Theory
  • Dependency Theory
  • World System Theory
• Modernization Theory


  • Attributes development of wealthy nations to "correct" beliefs, values, and practices of its people
  • Includes willingness to work hard, abandon tradition, adopt future orientation
• Culture of poverty theory

  Countries have remained poor because they have failed to develop attitudes, values beliefs which are essential to economic success
• Dependency Theory


  • Underdevelopment of poor nations is due to their dependency on rich countries
  • Exploitation of resources and cheap labor by colonizers
  • Compelled to borrow debt from rich countries
• World System Theory


  • Countries are divided into core, semi-peripheral, and peripheral based on their position and relationship in the global economy
  • Core countries are highly industrialized and capitalist
  • Semi-peripheral countries are less developed than core
  • Peripheral countries have very little industrialization and are dependent on core countries
• The world population has surpassed the 7 billion mark and is projected to grow to over 9 billion by 2043
• Population trends today are characterized by an increasing divergence across countries and regions
• Many of the poorer countries continue to be characterized by rapid population growth, while others that are more advanced in their demographic transition are experiencing rapid population ageing and even population decline in some cases
• The world is witnessing increasingly complex international migration patterns and many countries continue to experience very high rates of urbanization
• Population dynamics influence development at the national, sub-national, regional and global levels
• The challenge is to meet the increasing needs and expectations of a growing population while modifying production and consumption patterns to achieve sustainable development
• Demographic bonus


  A fall in fertility levels and slower population growth leads to an increased concentration of the population in the working age range, which can enable countries to jumpstart economic development
• Remittances


  Annual remittances to developing countries alone approach $500 billion, triple the amount of ODA, while potential savings from reducing migration costs could be of a similar scale
• Urbanization


  Higher population density enables governments to more easily deliver essential infrastructure and services in urban areas at relatively low cost per capita
• The benefits of demographic transitions, urbanization and migration do not materialize automatically and inevitably, they depend on the policies in place
• Human rights-based and gender-responsive policies

  Promoting universal access to sexual and reproductive health and rights, including voluntary family planning, and to education, including comprehensive sexuality education
• Coercive measures of population control or setting demographic targets are contrary to the respect for human rights and are likely to be counterproductive in the long run
• Priorities to mainstream in the post-2015 development agenda

  • Strengthen the formation of human capital throughout the life course
  • Promote the development benefits of migration
  • Create equitable, liveable and sustainable cities
  • Strengthen national capacities to collect, use and analyze population data and projections