Development Dynamics

• Development Dynamics


  Different stages/events take place to improve an area. Development measures how economically, socially, culturally or technologically advanced a country is.
• Development indicators


  • GDP per capita
  • HDI
  • Measures of inequality (Gini coefficient)
  • Political corruption (corruption perceptions index)
• GDP per capita


  Total value of goods and services a country produces in a year. Divided by population.
• HDI


  Composite indicator- life expectancy, literacy rates, GDP per capita. 0= least developed. 1= most developed.
• Measures of inequality (Gini coefficient)


  Measure of economic inequality. 0 (equal) and 1 (total inequality)
• Political corruption (corruption perceptions index)

  Measure of level of corruption existing in the public sector between 1-100. Lower score= more corruption.
• Demographic


  • Fertility rates
  • Death rates
  • Maternal mortality rates
  • Infant mortality rates
• Fertility rate


  Average number of births per woman.
• Death rate


  The number of deaths per thousand of the population per year.
• Maternal Mortality


  The number of women who die due to pregnancy related problems per hundred thousand live births.
• Infant Mortality


  The number of babies who die under 1 year old, per thousand babies born.
• Differences in fertility rate, death rate, maternal mortality, infant mortality

  Differences in population structure
• Differences in education and health

  Differences in income, trade, investment, pressure on services
• Colonialism


  Acquiring control over another country, occupying it with settlers and exploiting it economically.
• Neo-colonialism


  Dominance of poor countries by rich countries, not by direct political control. Control them by economic power and cultural influence.
• Poor climate and topography

  Lower nutrition, quality of life, crop yields, infrastructure development, international trade
• Authoritarian systems of governance

  Able to implement development policies without opposition, good for economic development
• Democratic governments


  Development less extreme, different interest groups prevent huge growth or economic collapse
• Corrupt governments


  Hinder development, money taken away from development
• Lack of education


  Cycle of poverty, inability to get skilled jobs
• Poverty and disease


  Lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, difficulty accessing healthcare
• Poverty and political instability


  Increased crime, civil wars, conflict
• Developing countries dependent on richer countries


  Less influence over regional and global decisions
• Development and environmental pressure

  Increased pollution, resource depletion, ecosystem damage
• Rostow's modernization theory


  1. Traditional Society

  2. Pre-conditions for Take Off

  3. Take Off

  4. The Drive to Maturity

  5. High Mass Consumption
• Core and periphery


  The core represents the developed, powerful nations. The periphery consists of other areas that sell raw materials to the core.
• Core takes resources from periphery


  Sells goods back to periphery at high prices, keeping periphery poor and dependent
• Criticisms of Rostow's and Frank's theories: outdated, too simple, don't account for different development paths, colonialism
• Bottom Up development


  • Small scale, target most vulnerable, no government interference, intermediate technology, cheaper
• Top Down Development


  • Large scale, money given to government, advanced technology
• Bottom Up development


  Improve lives of vulnerable, limited national impact, involve locals, less money
• Top Down development


  Large scale and high funding, relies on external links, loans with conditions, advanced technology
• Bottom Up example


  • Micro-hydro schemes
• Top Down example


  • Three Gorges Dam
• NGO


  Organisation independent of government to help social and political issues
• IGO


  Intergovernmental organisation