Development Dynamics

Cards (36)

  • Development Dynamics
    Different stages/events take place to improve an area. Development measures how economically, socially, culturally or technologically advanced a country is.
  • Development indicators
    • GDP per capita
    • HDI
    • Measures of inequality (Gini coefficient)
    • Political corruption (corruption perceptions index)
  • GDP per capita
    Total value of goods and services a country produces in a year. Divided by population.
  • HDI
    Composite indicator- life expectancy, literacy rates, GDP per capita. 0= least developed. 1= most developed.
  • Measures of inequality (Gini coefficient)

    Measure of economic inequality. 0 (equal) and 1 (total inequality)
  • Political corruption (corruption perceptions index)
    Measure of level of corruption existing in the public sector between 1-100. Lower score= more corruption.
  • Demographic
    • Fertility rates
    • Death rates
    • Maternal mortality rates
    • Infant mortality rates
  • Fertility rate

    Average number of births per woman.
  • Death rate
    The number of deaths per thousand of the population per year.
  • Maternal Mortality
    The number of women who die due to pregnancy related problems per hundred thousand live births.
  • Infant Mortality
    The number of babies who die under 1 year old, per thousand babies born.
  • Differences in fertility rate, death rate, maternal mortality, infant mortality
    Differences in population structure
  • Differences in education and health
    Differences in income, trade, investment, pressure on services
  • Colonialism
    Acquiring control over another country, occupying it with settlers and exploiting it economically.
  • Neo-colonialism
    Dominance of poor countries by rich countries, not by direct political control. Control them by economic power and cultural influence.
  • Poor climate and topography
    Lower nutrition, quality of life, crop yields, infrastructure development, international trade
  • Authoritarian systems of governance
    Able to implement development policies without opposition, good for economic development
  • Democratic governments
    Development less extreme, different interest groups prevent huge growth or economic collapse
  • Corrupt governments
    Hinder development, money taken away from development
  • Lack of education
    Cycle of poverty, inability to get skilled jobs
  • Poverty and disease
    Lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, difficulty accessing healthcare
  • Poverty and political instability
    Increased crime, civil wars, conflict
  • Developing countries dependent on richer countries

    Less influence over regional and global decisions
  • Development and environmental pressure
    Increased pollution, resource depletion, ecosystem damage
  • Rostow's modernization theory
    1. Traditional Society
    2. Pre-conditions for Take Off
    3. Take Off
    4. The Drive to Maturity
    5. High Mass Consumption
  • Core and periphery
    The core represents the developed, powerful nations. The periphery consists of other areas that sell raw materials to the core.
  • Core takes resources from periphery
    Sells goods back to periphery at high prices, keeping periphery poor and dependent
  • Criticisms of Rostow's and Frank's theories: outdated, too simple, don't account for different development paths, colonialism
  • Bottom Up development

    • Small scale, target most vulnerable, no government interference, intermediate technology, cheaper
  • Top Down Development
    • Large scale, money given to government, advanced technology
  • Bottom Up development
    Improve lives of vulnerable, limited national impact, involve locals, less money
  • Top Down development
    Large scale and high funding, relies on external links, loans with conditions, advanced technology
  • Bottom Up example
    • Micro-hydro schemes
  • Top Down example
    • Three Gorges Dam
  • NGO
    Organisation independent of government to help social and political issues
  • IGO
    Intergovernmental organisation