MEXT

• General translational factors function: Regulate expression of specific mRNAs
• General transcriptional factors are proteins that bind to the promoter region of a gene and help initiate transcription
• Gene regulatory proteins recognise short stretches of DNA of defined sequence and determines which genes will be transcribed
• Nucleolus: a small dense spherical structure in the nucleus of a cell and is the primary site of ribosome synthesis and cells response to stress
• Operon cluster of genes transcribed together to give one mRNA which encodes multiple proteins
• Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of RNA to DNA
• Transcription regulatory sequence: A sequence of DNA that is recognized by a transcription factor and can influence the transcription and expression of a gene
• Maleate: a salt or ester of maleic acid produced at the end of cellular respiration and is oxidised into oxaceletate
• Fumarate: succinate is oxidised into fumarate and FAD->FADH2
• AMP (adenosine monophosphate)


  Component of RNA and organic compound of ATP
• Endosperm: the part of a seed which acts as a food store for the developing plant embryo, usually containing starch with protein and other nutrients.
• B-cells are the cells that produce antibodies and are found in the bone marrow. They are involved with the active immune response
• Helper T cell: A type of T cell that helps the immune system to fight infection.
• Cytotic T-cell


  An immune cell that kills foreign cells
• Erthrocyte


  red blood cell
• Peroxisome


  Small organelles containing enzymes carry out oxidative reactions using molecular oxygen
• Antipodal cells: supply nutrition to gametophyte and formation of embryo
• Gametophyte: (in the life cycle of plants with alternating generations) the gamete-producing and usually haploid phase, producing the zygote from which the sporophyte arises. It is the dominant form in bryophytes.
• Embryo sac cell: site of meiosis in plants. Contains the egg, synergids at the micropylar end, antipodal cells at the chalazal end and central cell containing two polar nuclei and a central vacuole
• Central cell


  In flowering plants, two sperm cells fertilise two adjacent dimorphic female gametes, the egg and central cell initiates the embryo and endosperm with a seed
• Synergid cells


  Two specialised cells adjacent to egg cells in female gametophyte of angiosperms
• Angiosperms are flowering plants
• Respiratory quotient (RQ) is the ratio of the amount of oxygen used to the amount of carbon dioxide produced. It is dimensionless
• Primary consumers are herbivores
• Secondary consumers eat herbivores
• Zooxanthellae


  Type of algae; single-celled dinoflagellates living in symbiosis with corals
• Innate immunity is the first line of defence against pathogens and is immediate and non-specific
• Active immunity is when the body produces antibodies to a specific antigen
• Actin filaments are made of actin protein and are found in the cytoplasm of animal cells, helping with mechanical support, cell shape and migration
• Plant cuticle is a waxy layer that protects the plant from water loss and pathogens
• Gymnosperms


  Seed producing plants
• Bryophytes


  Mosses
• vascular plants reproduce by using flowers whose seeds have two seed leaves. 
• Peduncle 


  The base stem
• rhizosphere: the region of soil in the vicinity of plant roots in which the chemistry and microbiology are influenced by their growth, respiration, and nutrient exchange.
• Stigmas


  The sticky female part
• Cortex


   Tissue of unspecialized cells lying between the epidermis (surface cells) and the vascular tissue
• Lenticel is a porous tissue consisting of cells with large intercellular spaces in the periderm of the secondarily thickened organs and the bark of woody stems 
• monocotyledonous plants have a single cotyledon and a seed leaf
• Sieve tube elements are the tubes that transport water and mineral ions from the xylem to the phloem