Prelims

• Culture


  The cumulative deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and material objects and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving
• Culture


  Patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional ideas and especially their attached values; culture systems may, on the one hand, be considered as products of action, on the other hand, as conditioning influences upon further action
• Culture


  The sum total of the learned behavior of a group of people that are generally considered to be the tradition of those people and are transmitted from generation to generation
• Culture


  Cultivated behavior; the totality of a person's learned, accumulated experience which is socially transmitted, or more briefly, behavior through social learning
• Culture


  Symbolic communication. Some of its symbols include a group's skills, knowledge, attitudes, values, and motives. The meanings of the symbols are learned and deliberately perpetuated in a society through its institutions
• Cultural knowledge


  All the things individuals learn while growing up among particular group: attitudes, standards of morality, rules of etiquette, perceptions of reality, language, notions about the proper way to live, beliefs about how females and males should interact, ideas about how the world works and so forth
• Culture's role in moral behavior


  A culture is a "way of life" of a group of people, and this so-called "way of life" actually includes moral values and behaviors, along with knowledge, beliefs, symbols that they accept, generally without thinking about them, and that are passed along by communication and imitation from one generation to the next
• Morality


  Many aspects are taught. People learn moral and aspects of right or wrong from transmitters of culture: respective parents, teachers, novels, films, and television. Observing or watching them, people develop a set idea of what is right and wrong, and what is acceptable and what is not
• Enculturation or socialization


  The process by which infants and children socially learn the culture, including morality, of those around them
• Cultural relativism


  A theory in ethics which holds that ethical judgments have their origins either in individual or cultural standards. Moral relativism fundamentally believes that no act is good or bad objectively, and there is no single objective universal standard through which we can evaluate the truth of moral judgments
• Cultural relativism


  Defines "moral" as what is "socially approved" by the majority in a particular culture. It maintains that an act is ethical in a culture that approves of it, but immoral in one that disapproves of it
• Filipino cultural morality


  Centered on ideally having a "smooth interpersonal relationship" (SIR) with others, supported by the concepts of pakikisama, hiya, amor propio, utang na loob, Filipino hospitality, and respect for elders
• Pakikisama


  Having and maintaining 'good public relations'. Involves keeping good feelings in all personal interactions and getting along with others, oftentimes, at all costs
• Hiya


  A feeling of lowliness, shame or embarrassment, and inhibition or shyness which is experienced as somewhat distressing. Integrally related to the concept of 'face' and a concern with how one appears in the eyes of others
• Amor propio


  The high degree of sensitivity that makes a person intolerant to criticism and causes him/her to have an easily wounded pride
• Utang na loob


  Debt of gratitude, a fundamental aspect of upholding group harmony and relationships that demand the balancing of obligations and debt
• Filipino hospitality


  The innate ability and trait of Filipinos to be courteous and entertaining to their guests
• Respect for elders


  Filipinos are not only respectful to elders, but also have unique ways of expressing this respect, such as the use of "po" and "opo" and "pagmamano"
• Universal values


  Formed by implied behavioral standards that are necessary to live in a harmonious and peaceful society. Values are associated with morality and ethics, which is difficult to transpose or refer to the level of the group
• Basic universal human values

  • Happiness
  • Peace
  • Love
• Universal values are acquired with family education and school because the process of socialization involves that new generations internalize timeless concepts
• Eternal happiness


  The ultimate value of all religious people
• Peace


  A basic condition for freedom and happiness
• Love


  Feelings, or an experience or deep connectedness or oneness with any other human being, and animal, plant, tree, thing, or unnamable
• Freedom


  The experience of unrestricted, and to be as much as possible independent of the social pressure of others
• Safety


  Free of threat, fear and survival-stress
• Intelligence


  The capacity for logic, understanding, self-awareness, learning, emotional knowledge, reasoning, planning, creativity, and problem solving
• Human respect


  Feelings of connectedness which come out of our perception, empathy and awareness that the other human is basically as we are ourselves
• Equality


  Even, level, and equal
• Justice


  The proper administration of the law; the fair and equitable treatment of all individuals under the law
• Nature


  Our physical dependence on nature, and our awareness of being part of it
• Health


  A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence disease or infirmity
• Moral character refers to the existence or lack of virtues such as integrity, courage, fortitude, honesty, and loyalty
• To say that a certain person has a good moral character means that he/she is a good person and a good citizen with a sound moral compass
• Character


  The assemblage of qualities that distinguish one person from another
• Moral character, in a philosophical sense, refers to having or lacking moral virtue
• Moral character traits have an irreducibly evaluative dimension; they involve a normative judgment
• Acts that build character

  Moral character itself
• Virtuous traits of character ought to be stable and enduring and are not mere products of fortune, but of learning, constant practice, and cultivation
• Six stages of moral development

  • Punishment avoidance and obedience
  • Exchange of favors
  • Good boy/girl
  • Law and order
  • Social contract
  • Universal ethical principle