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• Muscles of anterior and lateral compartments of leg

  • Dorsiflexors of ankle
  • Everters of foot
• Nerves of leg


  • Femoral nerve
  • Obturator nerve
  • Sciatic nerve
  • Common fibular nerve
  • Deep fibular nerve
  • Superficial fibular nerve
  • Tibial nerve
• Arteries of leg


  • Popliteal artery
  • Anterior tibial artery
  • Posterior tibial artery
  • Fibular artery
• Skin and fascia of foot

  • Superficial fascia contains fat
  • Deep fascia forms sheaths around muscles
• Muscles of foot


  • 1st and 2nd layers of sole
  • 3rd and 4th layers of sole
  • Dorsum of foot
• Nerves of foot


  • Tibial nerve
  • Superficial fibular nerve
  • Deep fibular nerve
  • Sural nerve
• Conditions related to the foot

  • Plantar fasciitis
  • Infections of foot
  • Contusion of extensor digitorum brevis
  • Sural nerve grafts
  • Anesthetic block of superficial fibular nerve
  • Plantar reflex
  • Medial plantar nerve entrapment
  • Palpation of dorsalis pedis pulse
  • Hemorrhaging wounds of sole of foot
  • Lymphadenopathy
• Knee joint


  • Hinge joint
  • Formed by condyles of femur, proximal tibia, and patella
• Joints of the foot

  • Talocrural joint
  • Subtalar joint
  • Transverse tarsal joint
  • Tarsometatarsal joints
  • Metatarsophalangeal joints
  • Interphalangeal joints
• Movements of joints of forefoot

  • Dorsiflexion
  • Plantarflexion
  • Abduction
  • Adduction
• Lower limb


  • Torsion of the proximal limb is accompanied by a permanent pronation (twisting) of the leg, so that the foot becomes oriented with the great toe on the medial side
• Components of the lower limb skeleton

  • Pelvic girdle
  • Bones of the free lower limb
• Pelvic girdle


  Bony ring composed of the sacrum and right and left hip bones joined anteriorly at the pubic symphysis

  
• Bones of the free lower limb


  Contained within and specifically serve that part of the limb

  
• Body weight is transferred from the vertebral column through the sacro-iliac joints to the pelvic girdle and from the pelvic girdle through the hip joints to the femurs
• Parts of the hip bone

  • Ilium
  • Ischium
  • Pubis

  
• Ilium


  • Thick medial portions (columns) for weight bearing
  • Thin, wing-like, posterolateral portions (alae) that provide broad surfaces for the fleshy attachment of muscles
• Bony formations on the ilium

  • Anterior superior iliac spine
  • Anterior inferior iliac spine
  • Iliac crest
  • Tubercle of iliac crest
  • Posterior superior iliac spine
  • Posterior inferior iliac spine
  • Anterior, posterior, and inferior gluteal lines
  • Iliac fossa
  • Auricular surface
  • Iliac tuberosity
• Acetabulum


  Large cup-shaped cavity or socket on the lateral aspect of the hip bone that articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint
• All three primary bones forming the hip bone (ilium, ischium, pubis) contribute to the formation of the acetabulum

  
• The margin of the acetabulum is incomplete inferiorly at the acetabular notch
• The rough depression in the floor of the acetabulum extending superiorly from the acetabular notch is the acetabular fossa
• The acetabular notch and fossa create a deficit in the smooth lunate surface of the acetabulum, the articular surface receiving the head of the femur
• The margin of the acetabulum is incomplete inferiorly at the acetabular notch, which makes the fossa resemble a cup with a piece of its lip missing
• Acetabular fossa


  Rough depression in the floor of the acetabulum extending superiorly from the acetabular notch
• Anatomical position of hip bone

  • ASIS and the anterosuperior aspect of the pubis lie in the same coronal plane
  • Symphysial surface of the pubis is vertical, parallel to the median plane
• Acetabulum in anatomical position

  • Faces inferolaterally, with the acetabular notch directed inferiorly
• Obturator foramen in anatomical position


  • Lies inferomedial to the acetabulum
• Body of pubis in anatomical position

  • Internal aspect faces almost directly superiorly, forming a floor on which the urinary bladder rests
• Superior pelvic aperture (pelvic inlet) in anatomical position


  • More vertical than horizontal, with the tip of the coccyx appearing near its center in the anteroposterior (AP) view
• Superior (proximal) end of femur


  • Consists of a head, neck, and two trochanters (greater and lesser)
• Femoral head


  Round head of the femur that makes up two thirds of a sphere and is covered with articular cartilage, except for a medially placed depression or pit called the fovea for the ligament of the head
• Femoral neck


  Trapezoidal, with its narrow end supporting the head and its broader base being continuous with the shaft
• Femoral trochanters


  • Greater and lesser trochanters
• Angle of inclination of femur

  Greatest (most nearly straight) at birth, gradually diminishes (becomes more acute) until the adult angle is reached (115–140°, averaging 126°)
• Angle of inclination


  Obtuse angle between the long axis of the femoral head/neck and the long axis of the femoral shaft
• The angle of inclination is less in females because of the increased width between the acetabula and the greater obliquity of the femoral shaft
• Angle of torsion of femur

  12° angle between the axis of the femoral head/neck and the transverse axis of the femoral condyles
• Femoral shaft


  • Slightly bowed (convex) anteriorly, may increase markedly if weakened by loss of calcium as in rickets
• Linea aspera


  Broad, rough line on the posterior surface of the femoral shaft that provides aponeurotic attachment for adductors of the thigh