Module 3

• Pharmacognosy is a branch of pharmacology that deals with the source of drugs
• Alkaloids are nitrogenous substances that are soluble in alcohol and some other organic solvents but are insoluble in H2O
• If the molecule contains oxygen the alkaloid will become white solid (powder)
• If the molecule does not contain oxygen the alkaloid will remain liquid
• Glycosides

  Various sugars combine with the organic structure through an ether linkage. This compound is a neutral and will not form salts. Soluble in alcohol but not in H2O.
• Resins formed by polymerization of volatile oil produced by certain plants. It is not a drug but a component of an excipient.
• Gums

  Composed of polysaccharides secreted by certain tress like Acacia and tragacanth. These are useful to stabilize mixtures of other active drug in liquid dosage form.
• Tannis

  non-nitrogenous substances with astringent (precipitates oil) effect.
• Volatile – evaporated readily when exposed to air. (e.g., turpentine, eucalyptus, peppermint)
• Non-Volatile it is fixed or stable and will not evaporate (e.g., Castor, Linseed, Cotton seed)
• Oral/per orem/ per os - preparation need not to be sterile and has lower incidence of adverse drug reaction.
• Sublingual

  Administration of drug is underneath the tongue. For animals, the drug are injected underneath the tongue or the animal.
• Gavage is the term used for laboratory animals
• Intra-gastric is the term used for animals with simple stomach
• Intra-ruminal is the term used for animals that has compound stomach.
• Gavage/ Intra-gastric/ intra-ruminal

  Administration of drugs is directly to the stomach/rumen.
• Per rectum

  Administration of drug is directly to the anus or rectum.
• In Ruminants and Horses I.V. it is done through Jugular Vein.
• In Pigs I.V. can be done through ear vein.
• In Dogs and Cats I.V is done through Saphenous, Cephalic and Femoral Vein.
• In Avian it is done through the wing vein.
• Intra – peritoneal into the peritoneal cavity. Landmark is one cm away from the umbilicus (up, down, left and right), depending on what disease which area you will be using.
• Intra – pleural

  into the pleural cavity, shouldn't hit the heart or the lungs
• Intra-cardiac is directly hitting heart. Usually done when euthanizing.
• Tablet is most commonly employed, a hard, compressed medication in round, oval or square shape.
• Enteric coated tablet

  are shiny (like nips), coated with Phenylsalicylate (salol) that can’t be dissolve by the stomach acid which prevents stomach pain.
• Sublingual and buccal medications are administered by placing them in the mouth, either under the tongue (sublingual) or between the gum and the cheek (buccal).
• Buccal and Sublingual Tablet the medications dissolve rapidly and are absorbed through the mucous membranes of the mouth, where they enter into the bloodstream