Cultural deprivation

• Bernstein

  speech codes:

  • elaborated code - middle class students
  • restricted code - working class students
• Douglas


  Parents' education: WC parents put less value on education; less ambitious; less encouragement e.g. with homework
• Sugarmann

  • Working class subcultures: 4 acts that are a barrier to educational achievement for WC students
• Fatalism


  there's nothing you can do to change your status
• Collectivism


  valuing being part of a group more than being an individual
• immediate gratification


  seeking pleasure now rather than making sacrifices for the future
• present time orientation


  seeing the present as more important than the future so having no long term goals