Respi

• Respiratory system


  Includes air passages, pulmonary vessels, the lungs, and breathing muscles. Aids the body in the exchange of gases between the air and blood, and between the blood and the body's trillions of cells.

  
• Respiratory system


  • Most of the organs help to distribute air, but only the alveoli and alveolar ducts are responsible for actual gas exchange
  • Filters, warms, and humidifies the air you breathe
  • Plays a role in speech and the sense of smell
  • Helps the body maintain homeostasis

  
• Breathing


  Automatic process where the body's trillions of cells need oxygen and need to get rid of carbon monoxide
• Gas exchange in the respiratory system

  1. Oxygen passes out of the bloodstream and into the tissue cells

  2. Carbon dioxide passes from the tissue cells into the bloodstream and is carried by the blood back to the lungs to be exhaled
• Capnia


  Refers to carbon dioxide, from the Greek kapnos meaning "smoke"
• Respiratory rate


  The normal adult cycle of inhaling and exhaling, including a short rest between, takes place about 12-18 times per minute
• Nose


  • Air enters the body through the nostrils and passes through the nasal cavity
  • Nasal cavity is lined with a mucous membrane and fine hairs called cilia that filter out foreign bodies and warm and moisten air
• Paranasal sinuses


  • Hollow, air spaces in the skull that join up with the nasal cavity
  • Have a mucous membrane lining and secrete mucus
  • Make the bones of the skull lighter and help in the production of sound
• Naris


  The singular form of nostrils
• Pharynx


  The throat, made up of three parts: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx
• Adenoids


  Masses of lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx, which can obstruct the airway passage in children
• Tonsils


  Two rounded masses of lymphatic tissue located in the oropharynx
• Larynx


  The voice box, where the vocal cords have a slit between them called the glottis
• Sound production


  Air moves out of the lungs, through the glottis, causing vibration
• Trachea


  The windpipe, kept open by 16-20 rings of cartilage
• Adam's apple


  The largest cartilage ring in the larynx, thought to come from the story of Adam sinning when he ate the forbidden fruit
• Bronchi


  The two branches the trachea divides into, each going to a separate lung and subdividing into smaller and finer tubes
• Bronchioles


  The smallest of the bronchial branches, at the end of which are clusters of air sacs called alveoli
• Alveoli


  The air sacs where gas exchange occurs, each made up of a layer of epithelium
• Pleura


  The membrane covering each lung, with an outer parietal layer and an inner visceral layer
• Lungs


  The two lungs are in the thoracic or chest cavity, with the right lung slightly larger than the left and divided into three lobes, and the left lung having two lobes
• Combining forms for upper respiratory tract


  • laryng/o - larynx
  • nas/o - nose
  • or/o - mouth
  • pharyng/o - pharynx
  • rhin/o - nose
  • sin/o - sinus; sinus cavity

  
• Combining forms for lower respiratory tract

  • alveol/o - alveolus
  • bronch/o - bronchus
  • bronchiol/o - bronchiole
  • lob/o - lobe (of the lungs)
  • pleur/o - pleura
  • pneum/o - lung; air
  • pneumon/o - lung; air
  • pulmon/o - lungs
  • thorac/o - chest (thorax)
  • trache/o - trachea

  
• Combining forms for respiration

  • ox/o - oxygen
  • respir/o - breathing
  • spiro/o - breathing
• The parts of the respiratory system must coexist and work together to help us understand their meanings

  
• Prefixes


  • An-, a - without, absent
  • Endo- - within
  • Inter- - between
  • Intra- - within
• Suffixes


  • -ar, -ary - pertaining to
  • -capnia - carbon dioxide
  • -centesis - surgical puncture with needle to aspirate fluid
  • -ectasis - stretching or expansion
  • -gram - record
  • -graphy - process of recording
  • -itis - inflammation
  • -osmia - smell
  • -ostomy - creation of an artificial opening
  • -oxia - oxygen
  • -pnea - breathing
  • -scope - instrument used to visually examine
  • -scopy - visual examination
  • -sphyxia - pulse
  • -stenosis - narrowing

  
• The individual parts of the respiratory system are all equally important. The nose without the pharynx or the lungs without the bronchi would be nothing more than spare parts, like an old junker in a garage.
• Similarly, the parts of medical terms must coexist and work together to help us understand their meanings. Prefixes, suffixes, and root words work in harmony to bring the world of the respiratory system into focus.
• Prefixes


  • An-, a
  • Endo-
  • Inter-
  • Intra-
• Suffixes


  • -ar, -ary
  • -capnia
  • -centesis
  • -ectasis
  • -gram
  • -graphy
  • -itis
  • -osmia
  • -ostomy
  • -oxia
  • -pnea
  • -scope
  • -scopy
  • -sphyxia
  • -stenosis
  • -thorax
• Root Words


  • adenoid/o
  • alveol/o
  • atel/o
  • bronch/o
  • bronchi/o
  • capn/o
  • coni/o
  • cyan/o
  • epiglott/o
  • laryng/o
  • mediastin/o
  • nas/o, rhin/o
  • ox/o, ox/i
  • pector/o
  • pharyng/o
  • phren/o
  • pleur/o
  • pneum/o
  • pulmon/o
  • py/o
  • spir/o
  • thorac/o
  • tonsill/o
  • trache/o
• Pathologic Conditions


  • Asthma
  • Atelectasis
  • Bronchiectasis
  • Bronchitis
  • Croup
  • Cystic fibrosis
  • Diphtheria
  • Dyspnea
  • Emphysema
  • Empyema
  • Epistaxis
  • Hypoxemia
  • Hypoxia
  • Laryngitis
  • Pertussis
  • Pharyngitis
  • Pleural effusion
  • Pleuritis
  • Pneumoconiosis
  • Pneumonia
  • Pneumothorax
  • Rales
  • Rhinitis
  • Rhonchi
  • Stridor
  • Tuberculosis
  • Wheeze
• Diagnostic Procedures


  • Arterial blood gas
  • Bronchoscopy
  • Laryngoscopy
  • Pulmonary function tests
  • Spirometry
  • Sputum culture
  • Thoracentesis
• Surgical Procedures


  • Laryngectomy
  • Laryngoplasty
  • Lobectomy
  • Rhinoplasty
  • Tracheostomy
  • Tracheotomy