GENBIO MODULE 5-8

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Cards (301)

  • Homeostasis
    The steady state or internal balance of an organism regardless of the external environment
  • Environment is dynamic
  • It is important for a living organism to survive through homeostasis
  • To have homeostasis, we need a variable/stimulus
  • Receptor
    • Detects current stimulus
  • Control Center
    • Processes information sent by receptor and decides response
  • Effector
    • Responds depending on decision of control center
  • Setpoint value

    The normal state that the variable returns to
  • Negative feedback
    Part of homeostasis, reduces the original stimulus to return a variable to normal range
  • Positive feedback
    Opposite of negative feedback, amplifies or increases the stimulus, does not contribute to homeostasis
  • Circadian rhythm
    Physiological changes that occur every 24 hours in response to light and dark
  • Circadian rhythm cannot be controlled
  • Circadian rhythm regulates the sleep-wake cycle of an individual
  • Thermoregulation
    The process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range
  • Endotherms
    • Warmed by heat generated by their metabolism, maintain stable internal body temperature
  • Ectotherms
    • Gain heat through external sources like the environment, consume less food, increase body temperature through behavior
  • Acclimatization
    Physiological adjustments of animals to changes in their external environment
  • Four physical processes of heat exchange in animals
    • Radiation
    • Evaporation
    • Convection
    • Conduction
  • Tissue
    A group of cells with similar structures and functions
  • Four types of tissues
    • Epithelial
    • Nervous
    • Muscle
    • Connective
  • Types of epithelial tissues based on number of layers
    • Simple
    • Stratified
  • Shapes of epithelial cells
    • Squamous
    • Cuboidal
    • Columnar
  • Loose connective tissue (areolar)

    • Found beneath the epidermis layer of the skin
  • Adipose tissue
    • Cells are adipocytes or fat cells, contain large amounts of lipids
  • Dense connective tissue

    • Found in tendons, ligaments, and dermis of skin
  • Three types of cartilage
    • Hyaline
    • Fibrocartilage
    • Elastic
  • Bone
    • Consists of osteocytes, the mature bone cells
  • Blood
    Liquid connective tissue containing plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
  • Skeletal muscle
    • Attached to the skeleton, contracts with the bones, striated cells, multi-nucleated, voluntary contractions
  • Smooth muscle
    • Forms walls of hollow organs, fusiform shape, no striations, uni-nucleated, involuntary contractions
  • Cardiac muscle
    • Muscle of the heart, cylindrical cells, branched and connected by intercalated discs, striated, uni-nucleated, involuntary contractions
  • Neurons
    Cells important for conducting action potentials and transmitting impulses, consist of cell body, dendrites, and axon
  • Neuroglia
    Supporting cells that do not transmit impulses like neurons
  • Skeleton
    • Provides rigid structure, functions in support, protection, and movement, may serve as storage
  • Three types of skeletons
    • Hydrostatic
    • Exoskeleton
    • Endoskeleton
  • Hydrostatic skeleton

    • Consists of fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment, has longitudinal and circular muscles
  • Exoskeleton
    • Hard encasement deposited on the surface of an animal, provides protection but limits growth
  • Endoskeleton
    • Components are cartilage and bones, found in sponges, echinoderms, and vertebrates
  • Cartilage
    • All types have chondrocytes, the mature cartilage cells
  • Parts of a long bone
    • Epiphysis
    • Diaphysis
    • Epiphysis