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General Biology 2 - Long Exam 1
GENBIO MODULE 5-8
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MODULE 5-8
General Biology 2 - Long Exam 1 > GENBIO MODULE 5-8
149 cards
Cards (301)
Homeostasis
The
steady
state or
internal
balance of an organism regardless of the external environment
Environment is
dynamic
It is important for a living organism to survive through
homeostasis
To have
homeostasis
, we need a
variable
/stimulus
Receptor
Detects
current
stimulus
Control Center
Processes information sent by
receptor
and decides
response
Effector
Responds depending on
decision
of control center
Setpoint
value
The
normal
state that the
variable
returns to
Negative feedback
Part of
homeostasis
,
reduces
the original stimulus to return a variable to normal range
Positive feedback
Opposite
of negative feedback, amplifies or increases the stimulus, does not contribute to
homeostasis
Circadian rhythm
Physiological changes that occur every 24 hours in response to
light
and
dark
Circadian rhythm cannot
be controlled
Circadian rhythm
regulates the
sleep-wake
cycle of an individual
Thermoregulation
The process by which animals maintain an
internal
temperature within a
tolerable
range
Endotherms
Warmed by heat generated by their
metabolism
, maintain stable internal body
temperature
Ectotherms
Gain heat through external sources like the environment, consume less
food
, increase
body temperature
through behavior
Acclimatization
Physiological adjustments of animals to changes in their
external environment
Four physical processes of heat exchange in animals
Radiation
Evaporation
Convection
Conduction
Tissue
A group of
cells
with similar structures and
functions
Four types of tissues
Epithelial
Nervous
Muscle
Connective
Types of epithelial tissues based on number of layers
Simple
Stratified
Shapes of epithelial cells
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Loose connective tissue (
areolar
)
Found
beneath
the epidermis layer of the skin
Adipose tissue
Cells are
adipocytes
or fat cells, contain large amounts of
lipids
Dense connective
tissue
Found in
tendons
,
ligaments
, and dermis of skin
Three types of cartilage
Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic
Bone
Consists of
osteocytes
, the
mature
bone cells
Blood
Liquid connective tissue containing plasma, red blood cells,
white
blood cells, and
platelets
Skeletal muscle
Attached to the
skeleton
, contracts with the bones, striated cells, multi-nucleated,
voluntary
contractions
Smooth muscle
Forms walls of
hollow organs
, fusiform shape, no striations, uni-nucleated,
involuntary contractions
Cardiac muscle
Muscle of the
heart
, cylindrical cells, branched and connected by intercalated discs, striated,
uni-nucleated
, involuntary contractions
Neurons
Cells important for conducting
action potentials
and transmitting impulses, consist of cell body, dendrites, and
axon
Neuroglia
Supporting cells that do not transmit impulses like
neurons
Skeleton
Provides rigid structure, functions in support,
protection
, and movement, may serve as
storage
Three types of skeletons
Hydrostatic
Exoskeleton
Endoskeleton
Hydrostatic
skeleton
Consists of
fluid
held under
pressure
in a closed body compartment, has longitudinal and circular muscles
Exoskeleton
Hard
encasement deposited on the surface of an animal, provides protection but
limits growth
Endoskeleton
Components are cartilage and
bones
, found in
sponges
, echinoderms, and vertebrates
Cartilage
All types have
chondrocytes
, the
mature
cartilage cells
Parts of a long bone
Epiphysis
Diaphysis
Epiphysis
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