Times

• What is audience positioning in media products?


  The way in which media products place audiences in relation to a particular point of view.
• How can audiences be positioned in relation to characters in media?


  Audiences may be positioned with a particular character or to adopt a specific ideological perspective.
• What are binary opposites in media texts?

  Examples of opposite values, such as good versus evil or villain versus hero.
• In what forms can binary opposites be apparent in media texts?

  They can be apparent in characters, narrative, or themes.
• What is a broadsheet newspaper?

  A larger newspaper that publishes more serious news.
• Give an example of a broadsheet newspaper.

  The Daily Telegraph.
• What does circulation refer to in media?

  The dissemination of media products to audiences/users.
• How does the method of circulation depend on the media form?

  It varies, for example, print magazines circulate differently than broadcast television programs.
• What is convergence in media?


  The coming together of previously separate media industries and/or platforms.
• How does technology contribute to convergence?


  Advances in technology allow one device or platform to contain a range of different features.
• What is a demographic category?

  A group in which consumers are placed according to their age, sex, income, profession, etc.
• What do the demographic categories A and B represent?


  They represent the wealthiest and most influential members of society.
• What does distribution refer to in media?

  The methods by which media products are delivered to audiences, including marketing campaigns.
• How do distribution methods vary?

  They depend upon the product, such as how distribution companies organize film releases and promotions.
• What is diversification in media organizations?

  When media organizations that specialize in one form move into producing content across a range of forms.
• What is the process of encoding and decoding in media?

  Media producers encode messages and meanings in products that are decoded or interpreted by audiences.
• What does hegemony refer to in cultural theory?


  The dominance of one group over another, often supported by legitimating norms and ideas.
• Who is associated with the theory of hegemony?

  Antonio Gramsci.
• What is horizontal integration in media?

  When a media conglomerate is made up of different companies that produce and sell similar products.
• What is an example of horizontal integration?

  A company with interests in film, TV, magazines, and newspapers.
• What is ideology in media?


  A set of messages, values, and beliefs that may be encoded into media products.
• How does intersectionality affect a person's identity?


  It affects their access to opportunities and privileges based on factors like ethnicity, gender, and sexuality.
• What is a media conglomerate?


  A company that owns other companies across a range of media platforms.
• How does a media conglomerate increase its market domination?

  By owning a range of media platforms, which enhances their ability to distribute and exhibit their products.
• What does mediation refer to in media texts?

  The way in which a media text is constructed to represent a version of reality.
• What are the components of mediation in media texts?

  Selection, organization, and focus.
• What is misrepresentation in media?

  When certain social groups, usually minority groups, are represented inappropriately and not based on reality.
• Who are opinion leaders in society?

  People who may affect the way others interpret a particular media text, such as celebrities endorsing products.
• What does synergy refer to in media organizations?

  The combination of elements to maximize profits within a media organization or product.
• How does synergy work in media products?

  For example, where a film soundtrack sells the film and the film sells the soundtrack.
• What is a tabloid newspaper?

  A smaller and more compact newspaper that often focuses on lighter news.
• What type of content do tabloids typically focus on?


  Content such as celebrity gossip, sport, and television.
• What does vertical integration refer to in media companies?

  Companies that own all or most of the chain of production and distribution for the product.
• Give an example of vertical integration in media.

  A film company that also owns a chain of multiplex cinemas to exhibit the film and merchandise outlets.