L6: Social Structure, Leadership, and Whangai

• Māori


  The Indigenous people of Aotearoa me Te Waipounamu
• Māori Kūki 'Āirani (Cook Islands), Mā'ohi (Society Islands, French Polynesia)

  Māori people
• māori


  normal, ordinary
• Tangata whenua


  People of the land
• Pākehā


  From 'pakepakehā' (noun) mythical beings - beings with fair skin resembling people
• Pepeha


  A way of introduction for Māori. Acknowledging one's whakapapa connection to place and people. Situating themselves in their whakapapa. Reinforces a continued connection to where one is from. To state geographic and ancestral markers of identity. Maunga, awa, waka, iwi, hapū, tupuna/tupuna.
• Waka


  First level of societal membership and identification. Multiple waka which landed at several sites across Aotearoa me Te Waipounamu: Horouta, Tākitimu, Āraiteuru, Tainui, Te Arawa, Māhuhukiterangi, Aotea, Uruao, Tokomaru...
• Leadership of waka


  • Tohunga/experts well-versed in the knowledge of navigation and seafaring. Rangatira/captain(s). Kaihautū – gives the time for the paddlers on a waka. Kaiurungi – steers the waka.
• Iwi


  Tribe, bones (kōiwi is a more common term for bones). A loose confederation of hapū; not an everyday functional unit in traditional Māori society. Often named for an eponymous ancestor, or an event (Ngāpuhi).
• Iwi names


  • Ngā – Ngāpuhi – Puhikaiariki, Puhimoanaariki, Puhitaniwharau

  Ngāti – Ngāti Maru – Marutūahu

  Ngāi – Ngāi Tūhoe – Tūhoe-pōtiki

  Kāi – Kāi Tahu – Tahu-pōtiki

  Te Uri o – Te Uri o Hau – Haumoewaarangi

  Te Whānau-a – Te Whānau-a-Apanui – Apanui Ringamutu

  Te Aitanga-a – Te Aitanga-ā-Hauiti – Hauiti
• Hapū


  Sub-tribe, to be pregnant. Medium-sized kinship group made up of several whānau. Hapū would split off if they became too big, faced conflict, or other significant circumstances. Primary political and social unit. "The political powerhouse of traditional Māori society". Led by rangatira.
• He Whakaputanga (1835) & Te Tiriti o Waitangi (1840) were signed by the leaders of hapū
• Te Tiriti has influenced tribal boundary lines becoming fixed. Hapū creation stopped.
• Treaty of Waitangi settlements – the Government will only enter into direct negotiations with 'large natural groupings'. Hapū are not considered a LNG.
• Whānau


  ~family~, to be born. Whānau are multi-generational, extending across direct descent lines. Kaumātua/Kuia play an integral leadership role. Whānau are the basic functional units of Māori society.
• Common kinship terms


  • Matua/Pāpā (father); Whaea/Māmā (mother); Mātua (parents); Tuakana/Tuākana (older siblings of the same sex); Teina/Tēina, Taina/Tāina (younger sibling of the same gender); Tuahine/Tuāhine (sister to a male); Tungāne (brother to a female); Koroua/Karani pāpā (Grandfather); Kuia/Karani māmā (Grandmother); Tupuna (ancestor); Tūpuna (ancestors)
• Social organisation and leadership

  • Tohunga, Rangatira, Ariki, Rangatira, Kaumātua, Waka, Iwi, Hapū, Whānau
• Leadership - Mana and manaaki


  Ko te kai a te rangatira, he kōrero (The sustenance of a rangatira is dialogue)

  Ko te tohu o te rangatira, he manaaki (The mark of a rangatira is their ability to care for others)

  Ko te mahi a te rangatira, he whakatira i te iwi (The job of a rangatira is to bring people together)
• Whāngai


  Whāngai/whāngai-ū – to feed. A practice to provide alternative arrangements of care, within whakapapa. Similar to adoption, although whāngai is not secretive/withholding of information. Whāngai children know where they are from and where they sit in their whakapapa. Whāngai occurs for many customary reasons.
• The pūrākau of Māui-Tikitiki-a-Taranga. Māui is thought to be stillborn and his mother (Taranga) casts him away in a woven basket. His grandfather (Tamanui-ki-te-rangi) finds him, and raises him with the knowledge of his whakapapa. Taranga is routinely 'counting' her sons when a mature Māui-Tikitiki-a-Taranga stands among them. When asked who he is, he recites his whakapapa to justify his place in the whānau.