Unit 2

• First Round of Globalization (300 BCE)

  -ancient Trade routes facilitated the exchange of goods and ideas

  -Arab civilizations played a crucial role as early ambassadors of ideas, transmitting knowledge of Indian Science, medicine, literature, and mathematics to Europe
• Second round of globalization (1400-1939)

  -Europeans developed advanced sailing technologies, expanding their reach globally

  -Globalization grew alongside European imperialism, which entails one country dominating another economic, political, and cultural institutions
• Third Round of GLobalization (1939-present)


  -It's an era of fast growing global markets and instant communication, with China and India emerging as a major economic players

  -Some, like economists O'Rourke and Williamson, argue this stage began earlier, in the 1800's, with the rise of modern farms and factories
• Reasons for Imperialism 


  Economic: Imperialism started with mercantilism, aiming to get resources for waking stuff and markets to sell those goods

  Nationalism: A sense of pride at having more territories than other countries

  Superiority: Belief that their religion and culture are superior and they should spread it to others for their own good
• Capitalism 


  -An economic system that advocates free trade, competition, and choice as a means of achieving prosperity

  -Mercantilism declined as colonies longed for a free market economy
• Legacy


  Something that has been passed on by those who lived in the past
• Ethnocentrism 


  Refers to a way of thinking that centers on ones own race and culture
• Scramble for Africa


  European countries deciding how to divide Africa amongst each other
• Xenophobia 


  A fear or hatred of persons of a different race of different ethnic or national origin
• Berlin Conference 1884


  Representatives of countries deciding how to divide Africa amongst themselves
• East India Trading Company

  -Established ports like Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta

  -Formed alliances with Indian princes

  -Built their own army using Indian recruits called sepoys

  -Seized land, enforced trade dominance, and imposed unfair taxes, using the revenue to buy more Indian goods
• The Raj


  -In 1858, Britain took direct control of India from the East India Company, starting the Raj era

  -India's industry declined as Britain imposed tariffs favouring its own goods, this hurt India's economy while Britain benefited

  -Lasted until partition and the Indian Independence Act of 1947
• Seven Years War 1754-1763

  -The Treaty of Paris ended the war in 1763

  -Acadians were expelled from Nova Scotia and could only return to New Brunswick

  -Britain took control of New France, Cape Breton, and Florida

  -France kept St.Pierre and Miquelon and Guadeloupe
• Royal Proclamation 


  -Gave land to British soldiers and mistreated French Catholics

  -Set aside land for First Nations, promising not to take it without a treaty

  -This upset Americans and led to the American Revolution
• Quebec Act of 1774


  Expanded Quebec into Southern Ontario, and allowed free practice of Catholicism
• The Indian Act (1876)

  Aimed to assimilate INdigenous peoples and still exists today with amendments
• John Cabot


  Discovers Newfoundland for the British
• Jaques Cartier 


  Wanted to find route to Asia, sails up the St.Lawrence and claimed the territory for France
• Samuel de Champlain


  Tasked with brokering an alliance with the First Nations groups and mapped much of the area around Quebec city