gender

• Campbell - deviance


  Abandonment of certain communities, the state has unleashed the most extreme forms of masculinity, denying men access to legitimate masculine status through academic success or employment and the breadwinner role.
• Heidensohn- deviance


  • Focuses on social control. 
  • Girls are subject to much more control in terms of their behaviour. 
  • Controlled by their family in terms of how much and how long they're allowed out of the house. 
  • Girls risk more by becoming deviant, in that it will be seen as 'double deviance', going against femininity into which they have been socialised as well as against laws and norms.
• Harding - deviance


  • Girls in gangs use their social skills to carve out a role. 
  • They will never become leaders, but can become fixers. 
  • Girls and young women become an important part of a gang's operation, and social skills are a source of 'street capital', essential to survival.
• Mac an ghail - anti school

  'the macho lads' - valued the 3 f's

  They showed extreme forms of macho behaviour - 'hegemonic masculinity'.
• Jackson - anti school


  Studied 'laddishness' in schools, found evidence of this from both boys and girls. It was cool to be clever but not to work hard. 

  • They would hide the fact that they had revised from their friends. 
  • If they did badly they'd be able to say they didn't try. 
  • The Ladette culture was made up of white working-class girls who were underachieving.
• Blackman - anti school

  Conducted study on female anti - school subculture. 

  The New Wave girls were a high-profile, academic and resistant youth subculture. 

  • They were defined by their music taste and appearance. 
  • Their subculture was based on resistance and largely related to their gender. 
  • They'd skip lessons they felt didn't enhance their education and by adapting the school uniform and challenging the rules.