quizlet

• social


  our community, in this context
• cultural


  set of beliefs and customs that lead us to behave in a particular way within our community
• social class


  a group defined by their status within a community or population, the class a person belongs to is defined by economic success as well as family background, who your friends are and educational level
• pedestrianism


  a form of ninteenth century competetive walking
• social class - pre industrial


  upper and lower class didnt mix

  
  

  upper class - aristocracy or gentry who were heditatory land owners

  
  

  lower class - peasants who worked manually, mainly on land
• activity for lower class (pre industrial)


  mob footbal, dog fighting - often violent with few rules
• activity for both classes (pre industrial)


  pedestrianism - upper class sponsored lower class, who competed

  
  

  cricket
• activity for upper class (pre industrial)


  real tennis and fox hunting
• amateur


  A person who competes in sports activities but does not receive monetary reward for participating.
• professional


  a person who competes in sports activities and earns an income by participating
• gender (pre industrial)


  women seen as the weaker sex and activities could not be to strenous or dangerous

  
  

  peasent women had few rights and all women had few choices in what they could participate in
• sport for upper class women (pre industrial)


  archery
• sport for lower class women (pre industrial)


  smock racing
• law and order (pre industrial)


  little in the way of formal law and order

  
  

  allowed lower class blood sports and violent sports such as bare knuckle fighting

  
  

  mob football had few rules
• education and literacy (pre industrial)


  upper class were educated and literate = more sophisticated activites with rules like tennis

  
  

  lower class were uneducated and illererate = no rules for games
• availability of time (pre industrial)


  lower class worked long and exhausting hours - didnt take part because of exhaustion = many activities took place on holy days or festivals such as drinking games or bare knuckle fighting

  
  

  the shortage of transport meant influenced these games because they had to be short lasting and local

  
  

  upper class - more time on their hands and therfore could be involved in activites that were longer lasting e.g fox hunting
• availability of money (pre industrial)


  upper class - much more meney to afford equipment, horses and clothing for sports like hunting and facilities

  
  

  lower class - very little money
• Type and availability of transport - pre-industrial Britain


  mainly horse and cart with most people walking

  
  

  roads were in appaling state so it prevented most peole leaving their immediate village
• social class (post 1850)


  identifiable middle class came about - professional factory owners and managers but didnt own big estates and werent born into aristocracy

  
  

  many went to public schools and were influential in developing rules and govering bodies for sports such as football and rugby
• amateurism and professionalism (post 1850)


  middle and upper class - amateur

  
  

  lower class - professional, as needed to be payed to miss work
• gender (post 1850)


  women were expected to marry and have children and be financially dependant on their husbands therefore people saw education for women as frivilous and pointless

  
  

  women were allowed to become teachers but teaching was low status and badly paid

  
  

  late 19th century - status began to change and womens role on society began to develop

  
  

  the idea women should marry was comprimised due to a shortage of men because of the high mortality rate for baby boys

  
  

  campaigners to bring women equal rights
• law and order (post 1850)


  development of more defined laws = decline of blood sports however fox hunting for UC stayed
• eduaction and literacy (post 1850)


  national ssytem of education came late in britain

  
  

  upper class had little intrest in the development of the working class - revolutions reinforced and hardened the need to keep masses under control and less powerful = less educated

  
  

  families were reluctant to give up working children for them to have an education

  
  

  education act of 1870
• education act of 1870

  Foster act

  
  

  required the establishment of of elementary schools nationwide - making elementarty education free
• availability of time and money (post 1850)


  employer realised sport can keep their workers healthy and loyal = formation of work teams

  
  

  owners also payed for an annual exercion for the workers - e.g trip to the seaside
• type and availability of transport (post 1850)

  development of roads, cars, bikes, railways and eventually cars = good communication and travel
• athleticicism


  combination of physucal endeavour, or trying hard, moral integrity or being honourable, truthful or showing good sportsmanship
• fagging system


  A cruel exploitation of younger boys used as servants for older boys, sometimes involved sexual or physical abuse, developed by Thomas Arnold who did revise the system as he wanted his pupils to grow up as moral Christian gentlemen.
• thomas arnold


  Headmaster of Rugby School

  
  

  developed the house system - influencal on the formation of sports teams

  
  

  insigated prefects who were in charge of organising sport
• what happened in 1845 and 1849?


  pupils of rugby wrote down the rules of football

  
  

  the rugby version, handling the ball was allowed but eton developed a set of rules in 1849 where it was not
• common set of rules were developed...

  by cambridge university in 1863 after 4 attempts had been made
• sport was globalised when...

  public school boys went to university and enlisted in the army, travelling around the world
• class (20th century)


  6 classes

  
  

  A - higher managerial, administrative, professional

  
  

  B - intermediate managerial, administrative or professional

  
  

  C1 - supervisorary or clerical and junior managerial, administrative or professional

  
  

  C2 - skilled manual workers

  
  

  D - semi and unskilled manual workers

  
  

  E - casual or lowest grade workers, pensioners and other who depend on the state for their income
• gender (20th century)


  Increased accessibility of sport for women, they now start to participate in sport

  
  

  introduced different clothing, lighter clothing rather than starting with heavier clothes to cover up

  
  

  The working class had less time to participate than the middle class

  
  

  Some sports resisted women participation like golf

  
  

  Many women sports lacked professionalism

  
  

  There's growing crowds of dominantly male spectators
• law and order (20th century)

  Field of play were enclosed, boundaries made more formal

  
  

  Sports have written code of conduct; most cruel sports have disappeared (except for hunting and shooting).

  
  

  Players in team sports have started to wear numbers and boxers now wear gloves (increase safety).
• education (20th century)


  the butler act came in in 1944 replacing all previous legeslation
• Butler act


  1944

  "education is not only to do with communicating academic information but also involvues the whole of the person - academic ability, spiritual, physical and vocational needs
• before 1965 what was the education system in england made up of?

  grammar schools

  
  

  secondary modern schools

  
  

  secondary technical schools
• what was part of all schools curricula

  physical education

  
  

  grammar schools - ran competetive sports teams in the major sports

  
  

  secondary school - range of sports teams

  
  

  also promoted through extra-curricular activities
• availability of time and money (20th century)

  with the gradual increase of leisure time and money men played sport as well as watched

  
  

  availability of money was a key fsctor and darts, dominoes and billboards flourished inside pubs and clubs