thermal

• Heat


  A type of energy, measured in joules
• Temperature


  The hotness of an object, measured in degrees Celsius or Kelvin
• Kelvin is a superior unit to measure temperature as more can be done with it
• Temperature is how fast particles are vibrating in an object
• More heat put into something

  Higher the temperature gets
• Energy


  Equals mass times change in temperature (in degrees Celsius)
• Specific heat capacity (SHC)

  The energy required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of a substance by one degree Celsius or one Kelvin
• Water has an SHC of 4,200 joules per kilogram per degree Celsius
• SHC can also be given in joules per gram per degree Celsius
• Calculating SHC of a material

  1. Measure mass of material

  2. Measure change in temperature

  3. Calculate energy supplied

  4. Use formula: SHC = change in energy / (mass * change in temperature)
• Specific latent heat


  The energy required to melt or vaporize one kilogram of a substance
• Latent heat of fusion is the energy required to melt a substance from solid to liquid
• Latent heat of vaporization is the energy required to vaporize a liquid to a gas
• Temperature stays constant during melting and vaporization as the energy is used to break bonds, not raise temperature
• Calculating total energy to change state and temperature

  1. Energy to raise temperature = mass * SHC * change in temperature

  2. Energy to change state = mass * latent heat
• When two objects at different temperatures are in contact

  Energy is transferred from the hotter object to the colder object until they reach a common temperature
• The energy transferred depends on the masses, SHCs, and temperature changes of both objects
• Gas


  Can be compressed by applying pressure, takes up less space
• Gas laws


  • Describe what happens when you change something about a gas
• Increase pressure on a gas

  Volume decreases
• Decrease pressure on a gas

  Volume increases
• Boyle's law


  Pressure is inversely proportional to volume of a gas
• Remembering Boyle's law


  • If you want to pop a boil, increase the pressure
• Measure pressure and volume of a gas at higher temperature


  Graph moves away from origin
• Adiabatic


  No energy is lost to or gained from the surroundings
• Increase temperature of a gas

  Volume increases
• Charles's law


  Volume and temperature of a gas are proportional
• Increase temperature of a gas

  Pressure increases
• Gay-Lussac's law


  Pressure and temperature of a gas are proportional
• Ideal gas will obey Boyle's law perfectly, but real gases only nearly obey it
• Perfect gas


  Real gas that nearly obeys Boyle's law perfectly
• Celsius scale doesn't start at true zero, Kelvin scale does
• Zero degrees Kelvin is equal to -273 degrees Celsius
• Converting Celsius to Kelvin

  Add 273
• Ideal gas law


  PV = nRT
• P is in Pascals, V is in m^3, n is in moles, T is in Kelvin
• Change in a gas

  PV/nT is the same before and after
• Isothermic


  Temperature is constant
• Isobaric


  Pressure is constant
• Usually n (moles) is constant unless gas is added or removed