UCSP 5

• Social Group


  A collection of people who regularly interact with one another based on shared expectations concerning behavior and who share a sense of common identity
• Primary Group


  • Members conduct themselves informally, interact spontaneously, sympathetically to one another, and enjoy each other's company
  • Examples: Family, couples, church, circle of friends
• Secondary Group


  • Members conduct themselves according to role expectation and treat each other with acknowledgement to status and degree of acquaintance
  • Examples: Officemates, co-workers, teammates
• Formal Group


  • Intentionally formed and planned for carrying out specific purposes
  • Examples: Organizations, committee
• Informal Group


  • Formed unplanned and spontaneously established out of random association and interaction
  • Examples: Peer group, study group, dating group
• Open Group


  • Group open for everyone
  • Examples: Clubs, Public Forums
• Closed Group


  • Exclusive to a selected number of persons either by quota or qualifications
  • Examples: Exclusive schools, Political Party
• In-group


  Members have a sense of loyalty, camaraderie, and solidarity. Non-members are considered "outsiders", "the others", or "strangers"
• Out-group


  Perceived to be apart from the others and are often perceived as odd and indifferent
• Minority Group


  Relatively less dominant in terms of its size, status, or degree of influence
• Reference Group


  One is not necessarily a member but they serve a comparative basis for self-evaluation
• Kinship


  A system of social organization based on real or putative family ties
• Consanguineal Kinship


  • Kinship based on blood, considered the most basic and general form of relations, achieved by birth or blood affinity
• Descent


  Biological relationship, societies recognize that children descend from parents and there exists a biological relationship between parents and their offspring
• Affinal Kinship


  • Kinship based on marriage, new forms of social relations developed when a marriage occurs
• Types of Affinal Kinship

  • Endogamy - compulsory marriage
  • Exogamy - out-marriage
  • Monogamy - one male or female partner
  • Polygamy - more than one partner
  • Polygyny - a man has multiple female partners
  • Polyandry - a woman has multiple male partners
  • Patrilocal - married couples stay in the house of the husband's relatives
  • Matrilocal - married couples live with the wife's relatives
  • Biolocal - newlywed couple stay with husband's and wife's kin alternately
  • Arranged Marriage - marriage partners arranged by parents
  • Referred Marriage - matchmakers help find partners
• Compadrazgo Kinship


  Ritualized form of forging co-parenthood or family, relationship between child's biological parents, their children, and persons close to the parents but not related by blood
• Nuclear Family


  • Made up of two adults and their socially recognized children
• Extended Family


  • Members go beyond the nuclear family made up of parents and their offspring
• Blended Family


  • Parents have a child or children from previous marital relationships but all the members stay and congregate to form a new family unit
• Band


  • Typically formed by several families living together based on marriage ties, common descendants, friendship affiliations, and members usually have a common interest or enemy
• Tribe


  • Acephalous political system, organized through the presence of pantribal associations or sodalities that come in form of a council or tribal elders
• Chiefdom


  • Involve a more formal and permanent political structure, political authority rests with individuals, rely on feasting and tribute
• Institution


  Established organizations or practices in society that are built around specific purposes, functions, or objectives. They provide structure and stability to social, economic, political, and cultural systems.
• Economic institutions


  Specific agencies or foundations, both government and private, devoted to collecting or studying economic data, or commissioned with the job of supplying a good or service that is important to the economy of a country
• Economic institutions


  • Competitive markets
  • Banking system
• Reciprocity


  Exchange of goods and services that has same value, like Barter
• Transfers


  Redistribution of income that is not matched by the actual exchange of goods and services
• Redistribution


  Policy or practice of lessening inequalities in income
• Market transactions


  Exchange of goods and services that takes place in the economy and is measured in terms of GDP (Gross Domestic Product)
• Market


  Mechanism that brings buyers and sellers together for the desired transaction
• State


  Political body that exercises monopoly of violence or legitimate control over use of force within its territory
• Non-State institutions

  • Banks
  • Corporations
  • Cooperatives
  • Trade Unions and International Organizations
  • Transnational Advocacy Groups & Development Agencies
• Banks


  Conduct business purely on profit motive
• Corporations


  Common form of business organizations
• Cooperatives


  Autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common needs through a jointly owned and democratically controlled enterprise
• Trade Unions


  Representation of members at the workplace and in the wider society
• International Organizations


  Entities established by formal political agreements between their members who have the status of international treaties
• International Organizations

  • World Bank
  • International Monetary Fund (IMF)
  • World Trade Organization (WTO)
• Transnational Advocacy Groups (TAG)


  Advocates of principled causes, ideas and values to human rights and environment. They do not work alone nor are they limited by national borders.