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• kinship is a social institution that refer to relations formed between members of society, also known as relation or affinity
• Types of Kinship

  1. Kinship by blood
  2. Kinship by marriage
  3. Kinship by rituals
• Kinship by blood (consanguineal kinship) kinship based on blood is considered the most basic and general form of relations. The relationship is achieved by birth or blood affinity.
• Descent refers to biological relationship.
• Lineage refers to the line where one's descent is traced.
• Patrilineal form of descent is both males and females belong to the kin group of their father but they do not belong to their mother's kin group.
• Matrilineal form of descent focuses on the unilineal descent that is traced through the female line.
• Bilateral form of descent is kinship that is traced both ancestral lines of the mother and the father.
• Kinship by marriage (Affinal kinship) is kinship based on marriage refers to the type of relations developed when a marriage occurs.
• Unilineal Kinship means tracing descent through either the maternal or paternal line only.

   
• Endogamy – refers to compulsory marriage; this form of marriage is practiced by a number of ethnic groups, religious groups, and the aristocratic classes.
• Exogamy – out-marriage; refers to a marriage custom where an individual is required by society’s norms and rules to marry outside of their own group, community, or social classes.
• Monogamy – refers to marriage or sexual partnering custom or practice where an individual has only one male or female or mate
• Polygamy – refers to the practice of having more than one partner or sexual mate
• Polygyny – a man has multiple female partners or mates
• Polyandry – a woman has multiple male partners or mates
• Patrilocal – occurs when married couples stay in the house of the husband’s relatives or near the husband’s kin
• Matrilocal – happens when the couples live with the wife’s relative or near the wife’s kin
• Biolocal – the newlywed couple stay with the husband’s relatives and the wife’s kin alternately
• Arranged marriage – marriage partners are not referred but they are arranged by the parents of the groom and bride
• Referred marriage – matchmakers help their single friends or relatives to find their possible husband or wife by referring them to another man or woman who is also interested to find a life partner
• Post-Marital Residence Rules

  1. Neolocal Residence
  2. Patrilocal Residence
  3. Matrilocal Residence
  4. Matrifocal Residence
  5. Avunculocal Residence
  6. Ambilocal Residence
  7. Natalocal Residence
• Kinship by rituals - Compadrazgo literally translates as godparenthood, it is a ritualized form of forging co-parenthood or family.
• The Households:

  1. Nuclear Household (single family nucleus)
  2. Extended Household (two or more families/single family plus other person/s related)
  3. Reconstituted Families (blended family)
  4. Matrifocal Residence (transnational families where migrants continue to keep tight relations)
• Political Organization - bands and tribes are considered the simplest political systems. They are often perceived to be acephalous or without a well-defined system of leadership
• Band – typically formed by several families living together based on marriage ties, common descendants, friendship affiliations, and members usually have a common interest or enemy. The main source of integration is kinship either by blood or affinity
• Tribe – is considered an acephalous political system. Tribes are organized through the presence of pantribal associations or sodalities that come in form of a council or tribal elders.
• Chiefdom – formal leadership exists and authority rests solely on the members of a select famil
• Simple chiefdom – characterized by a central village or community ruled by a single family
• Complex chiefdom – composed of several simple chiefdoms ruled by a single paramount chief residing in a single paramount center
• Nation – groups of people that shared a common history, language, traditions, customs, habits, and ethnicity
• Political Legitimacy and Authority - The task of organizing a political community requires the existence of leaders. Leaders, in order to be effective, need to possess authority that is considered legitimate by the members of the community.
• Legitimacy – is a moral and ethical concept that bestows one who possesses power the right to exercise such power since such is perceived to be justified and proper
• Authority – is the power to make binding decisions and issue commands. It is necessary for a leader to possess authority
• Traditional authority – whose legitimacy is derived from well-established customs, habits, and social structures
• Charismatic authority – whose legitimacy emanates from the charisma of the individual, which for some can be seen as a ‘gift of grace’ or the possession of ‘gravitas’ or authority derived from a higher power such as those that are associated with the divine right of kings
• Rational-legal or bureaucratic authority – authority draws its legitimacy from formal rules promulgated by the state through its fundamental and implementing laws.
• Traditional authority is legitimated by the sanctity of custom and tradition. The ability and right to rule is passed down, often through heredity
• Charismatic authority is found in a leader whose mission and vision inspire others. It is based upon the perceived extraordinary characteristics of an individual.
• Rational-legal authority is empowered by a formalistic belief in the content of the law (legal) or natural law (rationality). Obedience is not given to a specific individual leader - whether traditional or charismatic - but a set of uniform principles.