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• Functions of Education towards Individual

  • Development of inborn potentialities
  • Modifying behavior
  • Holistic development
  • Preparing for the future
  • Developing personality
  • Helping for adjustability
• Functions of Education towards Society

  • Social change and control
  • Reconstruction of experiences
  • Development of social and moral values
  • Providing opportunity or equality
• Functions of Education towards Nation

  • Inculcation of civic and social responsibility
  • Training for leadership
  • National integration
  • Total national development
• Health System


  The sum total of all the organizations, institutions, and resources whose primary purpose is to improve health
• Health System


  • Needs staff, funds, information, supplies, transport, communications, and overall guidance and direction
  • Needs to provide services that are responsive and financially fair, while treating people decently
• Culture-specific Syndrome


  A combination of psychiatric and somatic symptoms, which the body absorbs social stress and manifests symptoms of suffering, considered to be a recognizable disease only within a specific society or culture
• Culture-specific Syndromes

  • Nervous Attack (Hispanics)
  • Amok (Malaysians, Laotians, Filipinos, Polynesians, Papua New Guineans, Puerto Ricans)
  • Brain Fag (African Americans)
  • Ghost Sickness (American Indians)
  • Wind or Cold Illness (Hispanics, Asians)
• Ethnomedicine


  The study of cross-cultural health systems, which expanded its focus to include topics such as perceptions of the body, culture and disability, and change in indigenous or "traditional" healing systems, especially as resulting from globalization

  -Previously was known as non-wester health system or primitive medicine.
• Western Biomedicine vs Ethnomedicine - Perceptions of the Body

  • Western Biomedicine: Mind and body are distinct, a person may be declared dead while the heart is still beating, so long as the brain is judged to be "dead" (no brain activity)
  • Ethnomedicine: The body is a bounded physical unit, people do not accept a person brain death (no brain activity)
• Western Biomedicine vs Ethnomedicine - Defining and Classifying Health Problems

  • Western Biomedicine: Disease is referred to as a biological health problem that is objective and universal, illness is referred to as culturally specific perceptions and experiences of a health problem, based on scientific understanding
  • Ethnomedicine: Basis for labelling and classifying health problems such as its cause, vector, affected body part, symptoms, or combinations of these, based on natural, socioeconomic, psychological, or supernatural causes, with knowledgeable elders as the keepers and passers-down through oral traditions
• Prevention (Cross-cultural)

  • Awas (lumps/marks on the skin) - Be considerate of pregnant women, make sure to give her the food she wants, and behave with respect in her presence
  • Sudden death of men - Displaying wooden-carved phalluses in residential compounds to protect residents, especially boys and men, from the "nightmare deaths" at the hands of malevolent "widow ghosts"
• Western Biomedicine vs Ethnomedicine - Healing Systems

  • Western Biomedicine: Humoral Healing emphasizes balance among natural elements within the body, using food and drugs
  • Ethnomedicine: Community healing emphasizes the social context as a key component, and is carried out within the public domain, such as dance as a healing substance
• In an informal sense, everyone is a "healer" because self-treatment is always the first consideration in dealing with a perceived health problem
• Some people become recognized as having special abilities to diagnose and treat health problems, with cross-cultural evidence indicating some common criteria of healers
• Prevention - based on either religious or secular beliefs, exist cross-culturally for preventing misfortune. suffering, and illness.
• Education is a social institution that formally socializes members of society. It remains a very important support pillar in society. Education also refers to the process through which skills, knowledge, and values are transmitted from the teachers to learners.(an important factor for development)
• Formal Education – based in the classroom and provided by trained teaching and non-teaching personnel. It has an approved curriculum, which includes the course outline, the prescribed number of sessions to finish, the lessons, and the authentic assessments and outputs
• Nonformal education – is any organized educational activity that takes place outside a formal setup. It is usually, flexible, learner-centered, contextualized, and uses a participatory approach.
• Cultural Constructs of Health and the Filipino Attributions of Illness:

  • Usog is a Filipino belief regarding the discomfort brought about by a stranger or visitor who is thought to have an evil eye (masamang mata) or who brings an evil wing (masamang hangin) or a hex.
  • Bughat or binat is the term used to refer to the ailments a mother experiences after giving birth or after suffering from an abortion or miscarriage if she did not follow certain rituals after childbirth
• Cultural Health Actors:

  1. Albularyo – seen as the general practitioner; knowledgeable about folkloric modalities and is usually especially versed in the use of medicinal herbs.
  2. Hilot – reefers both the manghihilot or nagpapaanak; manghihilot specializes techniques and treatments applicable to sprains, fractures, and musculoskeletal conditions; nagpapaanak besides giving prenatal visits and delivering babies, often perform the suob rituals
• Cultural Health Actors:

  3. Mangluluop – specializes in diagnostic techniques, usually referring to the patients after diagnosis to the albularyo, medico, or manghihilot for definitive treatments

  4. Medico – is a hybrid, sort of crossover specialization; merges age-old folkloric modalities with ingredients of western medicine such as prescriptions, medications, acupuncture, etc
• Health as Human Right

  • The human right to health guarantees a system of health protection for all.

  • Everyone has the right to the health care they need and to living conditions that enable them to be healthy, such as adequate food, housing, and a healthy environment.

  • Health care must be provided as a public good for all, financed publicly and equitably.