Classical Ideologies

• Anarchism


  A political philosophy that advocates for the abolition of hierarchical authority and the establishment of a society based on voluntary cooperation, mutual aid, and individual freedom. It rejects all forms of coercion and domination, including the state, capitalism, and organized religion.
• Anarchists


  • Believe in decentralized forms of organization, where decision-making occurs through direct democracy and voluntary association. They emphasize the importance of individual autonomy and self-governance, envisioning a society where people are free to pursue their interests without interference from external authorities.
• Anarchist ideological currents


  • Mutualism
  • Collectivism
  • Syndicalism
  • Anarcho-communism
• Anarchism has been associated with radical movements and social upheaval, but it also informs grassroots organizing, community-based initiatives, and alternative forms of social and economic organization.
• Critics of anarchism argue that it is impractical or naive, lacking a coherent plan for social organization and governance. However, anarchists counter that hierarchical authority inherently leads to oppression and exploitation, and that decentralized, self-managed systems offer more equitable and sustainable alternatives.
• Anarchism continues to inspire social movements, challenge power structures, and provoke critical reflection on the nature of authority and freedom in society.
• Mikhail Bakunin


  A Russian revolutionary and one of the most influential figures in the development of anarchism
• Mikhail Bakunin's life


  Born into a noble family, renounced his aristocratic privileges to join revolutionary movements, participated in various uprisings across Europe, spent years in exile due to his radical activities
• Mikhail Bakunin


  • Dedicated himself to the cause of social justice, advocating for the liberation of the working class and oppressed peoples, embraced a nomadic lifestyle, traveling extensively across Europe to organize revolutionary movements and engage with like-minded individuals
• Mikhail Bakunin's ideology


  Blended elements of socialism, anarchism, and anti-authoritarianism, rejected both capitalism and state socialism, proposed a vision of society based on voluntary association, mutual aid, and direct democracy, where individuals are free to pursue their interests without coercion or domination
• Absolutism


  A form of Monarchical Power, unrestrained, unlimited, a political doctrine and practice of unlimited, centralized authority and absolute sovereignty, especially as vested in a monarch, it holds the power over churches, legislatures, or social elite, therefore, it is not subject to regular challenge or check by any judicial, legislative, religious, economic, or electoral agency
• Absolute Monarchy


  The most commonly studied form of absolutism
• Origin of Absolutism


  Originated in early modern Europe and was based on the strong individual leaders of the new nation-states that were created at the breakup of the medieval order, monarchs described as absolute can especially be found in the 16th century through the 19th century
• Frederick the Great of Prussia


  The last Hohenzollern monarch titled King in Prussia, declared himself king of Prussia after annexing (connecting) royal Prussia from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1772, known as "Frederick the Great" and nicknamed "Old Fritz"
• Frederick the Great's accomplishments

  • Military successes in the Silesian wars
  • Reorganisation of the Prussian Army
  • The First Partition of Poland
  • His patronage of the arts and the enlightenment
• Federal Republic


  Self-governing units
• Absolute Monarchy


  Monarchical form of government, monarch holds absolute power among his or her people
• Age of constitutionalism


  Limited the power of monarchs, defined the rights and responsibilities of the monarchs, the Government and the people, recognized the emergence of representative Government and the rise of democracy
• Age of absolutism


  Centralized absolute monarchies, belief in the "Divine Rights of Kings", sought to centralize power and eliminate any form of opposition or dissent
• Liberalism


  Emphasizes individual rights, decentralized power structure, promotes the rule of law, with a legal framework that applies equally to all citizens
• Absolutism


  Absolute control is concentrated in the hands of a single ruler or monarch, involves extensive government intervention in the lives of citizens, with rulers making decisions on behalf of the population
• Classical Liberalism


  A political ideology emphasizing individual liberty, free markets, and limited government intervention in the economy
• Differences between Classical Liberalism and other ideologies


  • Individual freedom
  • Limited government intervention
  • Free market economy
  • Rule of law
  • Protection of property rights
• Free market economy


  Healthy competition and exchange among the people for more efficient allocation of resources and promote economic growth
• Rule of law


  All individuals and institutions, including the government are subject to and accountable to the law, meaning NO ONE IS ABOVE THE LAW
• Protection of property rights

  Provides individuals with the ability to own, use, and dispose of their property as they see fit
• The Philippine Constitution emphasizes collective rights and social justice, allows for greater government intervention in economic and social affairs, and reflects a more communitarian approach to governance, in contrast to the American Constitution which prioritizes individual rights and freedoms, establishes a system of limited government with checks and balances, and protects property rights and promotes free enterprise
• Classical Liberalism champions individual freedom, limited government, and free markets, leaving a lasting impact on political thought and governance
• Classical Liberalism


  Champions individual freedom, limited government, and free markets
• Classical Liberalism continues to shape political discourse and policies today
• Many political parties and movements advocate for policies based on liberal principles, such as limited government, and individual rights
• Liberal ideas continue to influence discussions on issues such as human rights, globalization, and the role of government in society
• Conservatism


  Refers to moderate or cautious behavior, a lifestyle that is conventional and conformist
• Conservatism (as a political ideology)


  Defined by the desire to conserve, reflected in a resistance to, or at least a suspicion of, change
• Conservatism


  Favors institutions and practices that have evolved gradually and are manifestations of continuity and stability
• Conservatism began to develop as a political attitude and movement reacting against the French Revolution of 1789


  Late 18th century
• Edmund Burke


  The acknowledged originator of modern, articulated conservatism
• The term conservative was introduced by supporters of the newly restored Bourbon monarchy in France


  After 1815
• The British politician and writer John Wilson Croker used the term to describe the British Tory Party


  1830
• During the 19th Century Western states were transformed by the pressures unleashed by industrialization and reflected in the growth of liberalism, socialism and nationalism