Chapter 15

• Urine is created by the kidneys as they filter the blood.
• Urine contains excess salts, waste products, and small amounts of the many types of molecules that naturally circulate in the bloodstream.
• urine provides a valuable snapshot of the inner-workings-of-the-body.
• These values are different from those for blood, and the normal ranges are often wider because concentrations are significantly

  affected by fluid intake.
• Urine samples should be delivered to the laboratory within 1 hour of

  collection to prevent the breakdown-of-unstable-compounds.
• Random specimen - It is used to screen for obvious metabolic abnormalities.
• RAndom specimen - by measuring the presence of protein-glucose-blood, and other significant constituents of urine.
• 8-hour specimen is collected immediately after the patient

  awakens.
• first morning specimen - It is a concentrated specimen that ensures

  the detection of chemicals or pathogens that may not be found in a more dilute, random sample
• Among other tests, this specimen is used for pregnancy testing, as the concentration of the pregnancy hormone, hCG, is greater in a first-morning-specimen.
• Timed Specimen This is a series of samples often collected over

  24 hours and combined to provide a single, large specimen.
• Timed Specimen - It is used to measure the amounts of protein-creatinine-hormones.
• Creatinine is used to assess the ability of the kidney to clear waste products from the blood.
• The most common procedure for collecting many types of urine specimens is known as the midstream clean catch.
• midstream clean catch - collected after the patient has

  passed several milliliters of urine.
• Pediatric specimens for routine urinalysis can be collected using a soft,-clear-plastic-bag-with-an-adhesive that fits over the genital area of the child.
• Pediatric specimens is not a sterile collection.
• A catheterized-urine-sample is collected by a physician, nurse, or medical assistant.
• A catheter (narrow plastic tube) is inserted through the urethra

  into the bladder.
• A suprapubic aspiration sample is collected by a physician
• suprapubic aspiration - The specimen is used for bacterial culture of anaerobes and for cytologic (cell) examination in cases of suspected bladder cancer.
• Drug testing is becoming increasingly common in outpatient settings, driven by the concern for a drug-free workplace
• In addition, drug testing may be performed on athletes to monitor the use of performance-enhancing-drugs, such as anabolic steroids,
• In addition, drug testing may be performed on patients to determine

  whether prescription drugs have been misused.
• Samples for drug testing are collected in a chemically clean container, usually as a random-sample-via-a-clean-catch.
• The collection of the sample is usually performed by the patient alone, but in a room without running water to prevent-alteration

  of the specimen.
• DT - The collection container also has a temperature-sensitive-strip on the outside.
• A freshly collected sample OF DT will have a temperature similar

  to body temperature.
• The two most common reasons for ordering a fecal sample are to look for intestinal-infection-and to-screen-for-colorectal-cancer.
• Feces can be cultured to look for diarrhea-causing bacterial diseases such as cholera-or-salmonella.
• Cancer of the colon or rectum causes bleeding, and this blood, called occult blood,
• fECAL Containers resemble a gallon-sized paint can and are typically plastic-or-wax-coated-cardboard.
• FECAL Specimens should be kept at room temperature until delivery to the laboratory.
• If the sample cannot be analyzed immediately, it may be necessary

  to transfer a portion of the stool to vials containing a preservative.
• O&P containers use formalin as a preservative, which is a carcinogen, and should not be sent home with the patient
• The patient should be instructed to avoid ejaculation for 3 days before the collection.
• The sample should be ejaculated into a sterile-plastic container.
• A condom containing spermicide is an unacceptable collection container
• The time of the collection should be recorded because sperm

  die-quickly,-and-viability-analysis-is-based-on-the-time-elapsed-since-collection.
• For fertility testing, the volume-complete-or-partial of semen is also important, so the patient should report whether the sample collected is ??