Leading questions

• Who conducted research into leading questions?

  Loftus and Palmer
• How many participants did Loftus and Palmer use?

  45
• What did Loftus and Palmer do?

  Got participants to watch clips of car accidents and asked them questions about it
• How did Loftus and Palmer test leading questions when questioning participants?

  Changed the verb in the sentence "How fast were the cars going when they hit each other"
• What were the five different verbs Loftus and Palmer used when questioning participants?

  Hit, contacted, bumped, collided, smashed
• What did Loftus and Palmer ask the participants to calculate?

  Mean average speed
• For which verb was the mean 40.5mph in Loftus and Palmer's study?

  Smashed
• For which verb was the mean 31.8mph in Loftus and Palmer's study?

  Contacted
• What was the mean calculated for "contacted" in Loftus and Palmer's study?

  31.8mph
• What was the mean calculated for "smashed" in Loftus and Palmer's study?

  40.5mph
• What can we conclude from Loftus and Palmer's research?

  Leading questions bias eyewitness recall
• What does the response-bias explanation suggest about wording of a question?

  Has no effect on memory, just influences how one decides to answer
• Loftus and Palmer conducted a second study, what explanation did this support?

  Substitution explanation
• What does the substitution explanation suggest about the wording of a question?

  Changes participant's memory
• How did Loftus and Palmer support the substitution explanation?

  Participants who were asked a question using the verb "smashed" more likely to report seeing broken glass despite being none
• What are the two explanations for why leading questions affects EWT?

  Response-bias explanation & Substitution explanation