PERSONAL

• Properties of Life


  • Homeostasis
  • Organization
  • Metabolism
  • Growth and Development
  • Adaptation and Evolution
  • Response
  • Reproduction
• Homeostasis


  Maintain a stable, relatively constant internal environment
• Levels of Organization


  • Atom
  • Cell
  • Tissue
  • Organ
  • Organ System
  • Organism
  • Population
  • Community
  • Ecosystem
  • Biosphere
• Metabolism


  Total of biochemical reactions in an organism (Everything that happens inside our body)
• Types of Metabolism


  • Anabolic (small to big, build)
  • Catabolic (big to small, break down/cut)
• Growth and Development


  Regulated growth, cells become larger in size, and accumulate many cells
• Adaptation and Evolution


  To be better fit and survive the conditions of the environment
• Theories of Evolution


  • Natural Selection (Darwin)
  • Theory of Use and Disuse (Lamarck)
• Response


  "irritability," can respond to stimuli or changes in their environment
• Types of Reproduction


  • Sexual Reproduction
  • Asexual Reproduction
• Prokaryotic Cells


  DNA not enclosed, only nucleoid region; no membrane-bound organelles; no true nucleus; includes bacteria
• Eukaryotic Cells


  DNA confined in a nucleus with double membrane; membrane bound organelles (rough and smooth ER, golgi apparatus, vacuoles, mitochondria, lysosomes (in animal cells), chloroplast (plant cells); with a nucleus (DNA); include animals, plants, fungi, protist
• Differences between Animal and Plant Cells

  • Animal Cell - can be any shape; no cell walls; small vacuole; no chloroplast; flagella; lysosome
  • Plant Cell - boxy or square-shaped; cell wall; large vacuole; chloroplast; flagella only in gametes
• Similarities between Animal and Plant Cells


  • Mitochondria, Golgi Apparatus, Smooth and Rough ER, Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Ribosomes, Cell Membrane, DNA
• Types of Cell Organelles

  • Organelles without membrane: Cell wall, Ribosomes, Cytoskeleton
  • Single membrane-bound organelles: Vacuole, Lysosome, Golgi Apparatus, Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Double membrane-bound organelles: Nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast
• Common Cell Organelles


  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Plasma Membrane
  • Ribosome
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Golgi Body
  • Mitochondria
  • Lysosomes
  • Chloroplast
  • Centrosomes
  • Vacuoles
  • Peroxisome
• Types of Cells


  • Adipose cell
  • Blood cells
  • Muscle cells
  • Skin cells
• Cell Theory


  • All living organisms are composed of (unicellular) or more (multicellular) cells
  • A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms
  • All cells arise from pre-existing cells
• Updated Cell Theory


  • All living organisms are made of cells
  • Cells are the basic unit of life
  • Cells arise from pre-existing cells
  • Hereditary information is passed from cells
  • All cells have the basic chemical composition
  • Energy flow occurs within cells
• Cell Cycle


  1. G1

  2. S

  3. G2

  4. M
• Cell Division


  • Mitosis
  • Meiosis
• Mitosis


  One cell division; Produces two daughter cells; Produces diploid cells; Daughter cells are genetically identical; Produces body cells; No crossing-over occurs; Homologous chromosomes do not pair up
• Meiosis


  Two cell divisions; Produces four daughter cells; Produces haploid cells; Daughter cells are non-identical; Produces sex cells; Crossing-over occurs; Homologous chromosomes do not pair up
• Diploid Cells


  Cells that have two sets of chromosomes; Each set is donated from one parent; The chromosomes in each set are homologous, meaning they match in size, shape, and genes; Diploid cells are formed by the fusion of two haploid cells
• Haploid Cells


  Cells that contain a single set of chromosomes; Found in humans and most other multicellular organisms only in gametes (egg and sperm cells); Are the result of a diploid cell replicating and dividing twice through meiosis; Have half the usual number of chromosomes in a normal eukaryote organism
• Homologous Chromosomes


  Two pieces of DNA within a diploid organism which carry the same genes, one from each parental source
• Crossing Over


  A process that occurs during meiosis when homologous chromosomes exchange segments of genetic material
• Phases of Mitosis


  1. Prophase

  2. Prometaphase

  3. Metaphase

  4. Anaphase

  5. Telophase
• Stages of mitosis


  1. Prophase

  2. Prometaphase

  3. Metaphase

  4. Anaphase

  5. Telophase
• Almost all of your body's cells divide by mitosis
• Meiosis


  Used to produce gametes (sperm and egg cells), involves two rounds of cell division to produce four non-identical haploid daughter cells
• Stages of meiosis I

  1. Prophase I

  2. Prometaphase I

  3. Metaphase I

  4. Anaphase I

  5. Telophase I
• Stages of meiosis II

  1. Prophase II

  2. Prometaphase II

  3. Metaphase II

  4. Anaphase II

  5. Telophase II
• Plasma membrane


  Biological membrane that separates the interior of a cell from its outside environment, protects the cell and regulates the movement of substances in and out
• Plasma membrane


  • Composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
  • Selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules
  • Must be very flexible to allow certain cells to change shape
• Passive transport


  Movement of substances across the plasma membrane without the input of cellular energy
• Active transport


  Movement of substances across the plasma membrane that requires the cell to expend energy
• Cell transport mechanisms


  • Passive osmosis and diffusion
  • Transmembrane protein channels and transporters
  • Endocytosis
  • Exocytosis
• Phospholipids


  Molecules that spontaneously arrange themselves into a double layer with hydrophilic heads on the outside and hydrophobic tails on the inside
• Carbohydrates in plasma membrane

  Most are part of glycoproteins, which play a role in cell-cell interactions including cell adhesion