Chemical

• Define isotope?


  Atoms of an element that have same number of protons but differ in the number of neutrons.
• Define ion?


  Atoms of an element that have same number of protons and neutrons but differ in the number of electrons.
• Define covalent bond?


  a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms
• Define valance electrons?


  an electron that is found in the outermost shell of an atom and that determines the atom's chemical properties
• Name the four macromolecules?

  carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
• Mention the monomers and polymers for each macromolecule?

  Carbohydrate - Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides

  Protein - Amino acid and Polypeptide

  Lipid - Fatty acid and Triglycerides, phospholipids or steroids.

  Nucleic acid - Nucleotide and Polynucleotide.
• Mention the monomers and polymers for carbohydrates

  Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides
• Mention the monomers and polymers for Lipid?

  Fatty acid and Triglycerides, phospholipids or steroids.
• Mention the monomers and polymers for Protein?

  Amino acid and Polypeptide
• Mention the monomers and polymers of Nucleic acid?

  Nucleotide and Polynucleotide
• State two functions for each of the four macromolecules?

  Carbohydrates - First source of energy, short term energy storage, structure, and cell membrane markers.

  Lipids - Long term energy storage, Insulation and padding, Structure, and Chemical messengers.

  Proteins - Structure, Movement, Enzymes, Transport, Antibodies and Hormones.

  Nucleic Acids - Stores genetic information, Codes for amino acids in proteins, and help with protein synthesis.
• State two functions for each of carbohydrates

  First source of energy, short term energy storage, structure, and cell membrane markers.
• State two functions for each of Lipid

  Long term energy storage, Insulation and padding, Structure, and Chemical messengers.
• State two functions for each of Protein?

  Structure, Movement, Enzymes, Transport, Antibodies and Hormones.
• State two functions for each of Nucleic acids?

  Stores genetic information, Codes for amino acids in proteins, and help with protein synthesis.
• State the difference between saturated and unsaturated triglycerides?

  Saturated triglycerides do not have any double bonds in their fatty acid chains.

  Unsaturated triglycerides have one or more double bonds in their fatty acid chains
• Which one of these is solid and which is liquid at room temperature?

  Saturated triglycerides are the solid at room temperature

  Unsaturated triglycerides are liquid at room temperature
• Name a food source for saturated triglycerides?

  Saturated triglycerides (Fats) are seen in animal products like cheese, butter, etc
• Name a food source for unsaturated triglycerides?

  Unsaturated triglycerides (Oils) are found in plant products like vegetable oils, olive oil, etc.
• Name and give examples of 3 functions of protein

  Transport - Example: Carrier proteins in PM or Hemoglobin carries oxygen in blood.

  Enzyme - Example: Trypsin which breaks down proteins during digestion.

  Hormones - Example: Insulin that helps with glucose absorption in cells.

  iv. Structure - Example: Cytoskeleton of cells.

  Movement - Example: Actin and myosin that help in muscle contraction.

  Protection - Example: Antibodies that defend body against foreign organisms.
• Write 4 differences between DNA and RNA.

  1. DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose, while RNA contains the sugar ribose.

  2. DNA uses the bases adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine; RNA uses adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine

  3.DNA is double-stranded, while RNA is single-stranded

  4. DNA contains helix while RNA don't.